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DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES
Information on building or retrofitting schools to withstand natural disasters and terrorism, developing emergency preparedness plans, and using school buildings to shelter community members during emergencies. 
Mass Notification for Higher Education.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/notification.pdf Schneider, Tod (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Oct 2009)
Discusses essential considerations when designing a campus-wide mass notification system, and the pros and cons of current notification systems. 6p.
Emergency Management 101: What Every School District Needs to Know.
http://www.osdfsnationalconference.com/Presentations Borland, Larry (U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools, Washington, DC , Aug 2009)
Discusses the four phases of emergency management: prevention-mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery; and how they apply to schools. Also addressed are school emergency plan development considerations; making plans scalable; the standard response actions of evacuation, lockdown, and shelter-in-place; and after-action debriefing. 46p.
Emergency Management Standards.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/Standards.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Jan 2009)
Discusses emergency management standards for school use and lists standards recommended by FEMA's National Incident Management System (NIMS). 2p.
Guidance Notes on Safer School Construction.http://gfdrr.org/docs/Guidance_Notes_Safe_Schools.pdf (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Washington, DC , Jan 2009)
Presents a framework of guiding principles and general steps to develop a plan to address the disaster resilient construction and retrofitting of school buildings. The guidance notes consist of four components: 1) General information and advocacy points addressing the need and rationale for safer school buildings, along with success stories and list a number of essential guiding principles and strategies for overcoming common
challenges. 2) A series of suggested steps that highlight key points that should be
considered when planning a safer school construction and/or retrofitting initiative.
Each step describes the processes, notes important decision points, highlights
key issues or potential challenges, and suggests good practices, tools to facilitate
the actions, and references resources to guide the reader to more detailed and
context-specific information. 3)A compilation of basic design principles to identify some basic requirements a school building must meet to provide a greater level of protection. 4) A broad list of references to resources for more detailed, technical and context-specific information. 142p.
The Disaster Decade: Lessons Unlearned for the United States.
http://www.savethechildren.org/publications/usa/disaster-decade-lessons.pdf (Save the Children, Westport, CT , 2009)
Reports that only seven states are meeting crucial minimum standards to ensure that schools and child-care facilities are prepared to respond to the needs of children during a disaster. The four key standards identified include evacuation and relocation, reunification and plans for special needs children at child-care facilities, as well as multi-hazard plans at schools. The study calls for action at the federal level to better protect children through a five-point plan: 1) Establish national disaster preparedness standards for child-care centers and schools. 2) Establish an Office of Children's Advocacy at FEMA. 3) Make child care centers eligible for federal disaster aid. 4) Establish a White House Commission on the effects of the recession on children. 5) Create a federal public awareness campaign to educate families about protecting children during disasters. 41,42,44p.
Disaster Prevention for Schools: Guidance for Education Sector Decision-Makers; Consultation Version.http://www.preventionweb.net/files/7344_DPforSchoolssm.pdf (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland , Nov 2008)
Provides guidance to school administrators, teachers, education authorities, and school safety committees. The guide introduces disaster impacts on and prevention for schools; creating and maintaining safe learning environments; teaching and learning disaster prevention and preparedness, educational materials and teacher training, and developing a culture of safety.
58p.
An Investigation of Best Practices for Evacuating and Sheltering Individuals with Special Needs and Disabilities.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/evacuating_special_needs.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Oct 2008)
Prepared in response to the June 2007 General Accountability Office report, "Emergency Management: Most School Districts Have Developed Emergency Management Plans, but Would Benefit from Additional Federal Guidance" (GAO-07-609), this NCEF report reviews current practices in school building design for accommodating the evacuation and sheltering needs for the disabled. The report provides two recommendations: (1) School emergency management plans should include procedures and training for evacuating special needs and disabled students in a variety of emergencies and building conditions and by a variety of routes; (2) Schools should continue to work with emergency planners and building designers to ensure that facilities are equipped to shelter a range of individuals with special needs. 4p.
Earthquakes and Schools.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/earthquakes.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Oct 2008)
Discusses earthquake basics, preparing a school for an earthquake, reducing nonstructural hazards, and seismic upgrading. A mitigation checklist is provided, as well as appendices on nonstructural hazards, past earthquake damage to U.S. schools, and a discussion of schools as earthquake shelters. 27 additional resources are cited.
8p.
Wildfires and Schools.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/wildfires.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Oct 2008)
Discusses conditions that feed wildfires, how a building catches fire, determining your school's risk, creating a survivable space for the school, the importance of maintenance, the fire-resistant school, meeting code requirements, related flood and mudslide risks, and an appendix on wildfire response. 22 additional resources are cited. 6p.
School Disaster Reduction and Readiness Checklist.
(Risk Reduction Education for Disasters, California , Jul 15, 2008)
Offers a brief checklist that assesses the presence or absence of 33 elements of school disaster preparedness. 2p.
Natural Disasters and School Construction. [Podcast]http://www.unicef.org/girlseducation/index_44629.html (United Nations Radio, New York, NY, Jun 25, 2008)
Presents an audio inteview that reviews loss of children's lives within schools that were damaged by recent natural disasters. The design and seismolological professionals interviewed advocate for better design and construction of schools worldwide, along with better and quicker restoration of school housing after natural disasters. Improvements in school construction undertaken after lessons learned from the disasters are noted. Also urged are improved preparation and acceptance of the inevitability of natural disasters, improved training for the building profession in developing countries, recognition of the disproportionate affect of disasters on vulnerable populations.
The Ripple Effect of Virginia Tech.
http://www.mhec.org/policyresearch/052308mhecsafetyrpt_lr.pdf (Midwestern Higher Education Compact, Minneapolis, MN , May 2008)
Reports how higher education institutions have addressed campus as a result of safety audits conducted after recent shootings at Virginia Tech and other campuses. Survey methodology, a summary of safety audits, prevention, mitigation, recovery, notification systems, security monitoring and enhancement, recognizing and responding to student behavior, and budgetary impacts are addressed. 32p.
Emergency Response Information for School Facilities.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/emergency_response.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Apr 2008)
Discusses the information required for managing school buildings, grounds, occupants, and rescue and recovery personnel during and after a crisis: neighborhood maps; aerial and ground photos; campus plans; command post and staging area locations; alternative evacuation routes and sites; school floor plans; fire alarm, sprinkler, utility, and television shutoff procedures; first aid supply locations; contact information for emergency responders, staff, and outside assistance; and the provision of building keys. 3p.
Emergency Management Resource Guide.
http://kycss.org/emp/Home/EmerRevCol.pdf (Eastern Kentucky University, Kentucky Center for School Safety, Richmond , 2008)
Provides a template with which a school or school district can build a customized emergency response plan. The document offers sections with checklists for mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. These are followed by advice and resources for incident command, communication, a district plan, a school plan, emergency management for specific events, recovery, and a list of references and resources. 149p.
Mitigating Hazards in School Facilities.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/mitigating_hazards.pdf (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , 2008)
This NCEF publication describes a process for assessing the safety and security of school buildings and grounds, making a hazard mitigation plan, and implementing the plan. Steps include: select an assessment tool; assemble an assessment team; look at the record; perform the assessment; write up the results; create a standing committee on hazard mitigation; prepare a hazard mitigation plan; understand risk; weigh passive vs. active safety; select security technology with care; improve school climate; calculate costs, locate funding; seek input; coordinate hazard mitigation with crisis planning; start small, think big; justify thoroughly; meet regularly, advocate continually; and benefit mutually.
4p.
NCEF School Safety Assessment Guides.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/pubs_html.cfm?abstract=mitigating2 (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , 2008)
The 25 guides found on the lower portion of this web page assist in the school safety assessment process. Each downloadable guide addresses a specific area or space within the school, presenting a series of "yes-no" questions that assess the safety and security of physical features typical for that area. 67p.
Vermont School Crisis Guide.
http://education.vermont.gov/new/pdfdoc/resources/model_crisis_guide_08_rev.pdf (Vermont School Crisis Planning Team, Crittenden East Supervisory Union, Richmond , 2008)
Presents general information on school crisis management that individual schools or districts can tailor to fit local needs and capabilities. The Guide is a framework to implement local school policy and administrative procedures, which are based on a comprehensive school emergency operations plan and policies. Sections of the guide cover the crisis planning team, various committees, accidents, terrorism and criminal acts, natural disasters, medical emergencies, and additional policies and procedures. 83p.
Severe Weather Planning for Schools.
http://www.ncef.org/pubs/severe_weather_planning.pdf Watson, Barbara; Strong, Chritsopher; Bunting, Bill (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , 2008)
Advises on understanding, preparing for, and coping with weather emergencies at schools and with bus transportation. Events covered include severe thunderstorms, lightning, tornadoes, hurricanes and storm surge, flooding, and extreme heat and cold. Six appendices contain detailed weather information. 18p.
What Is Your Plan?Dillon, Naomi American School Board Journal; v196 n12 , p20-25 ; Dec 2009
Advises on comprehensive school disaster planning for natural disasters, terrorism, and epidemics. Examples of school plans successfully executed are included.
Risk Managers Extend Their Turf to Every Corner of the Campus.
Kelderman, Eric The Chronicle of Higher Education; v56 n14 , pA1,A16,A17 ; Nov 27, 2009
Discusses the advent of risk managers on higher education campuses, who monitor a variety of issues including facility design and construction, hazardous materials, special events, and compliance.
H1N1: Reducing Your Risk. [H1N1 Preparedness.]
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/emergencypreparedness/article/Dont-Let-H1N1-Disrupt-Bu siness- Operations-This-Flu-Season--11183 Lorenz, Brandon; Millan, Naomi Building Design and Construction; v56 n10 , p22-24,26 ; Oct 2009
Discusses the spread so far and predicted severity of H1N1 influenza. Identifying and cross-training backup employees to cover essential building functions, preparing occupants for varying service levels in case of an outbreak, social distancing of occupants, increased opportunities for hand sanitization in common areas, and daily disinfecting of heavily touched objects such as doorknobs are also addressed.
Ready to Respond: IP-Based Emergency Mass Notification.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/security1-1009.html Pinero, Ramon American School and Hospital Facility; v32 n5 , p14,16,17 ; Sep-Oct 2009
Discusses the third generation, or network-centric mass notification systems. These systems can deliver alerts to all species of communications and computing devices, as well as to traditional sirens, radio, and television. They also accommodate response from recipients confirming their status. Examples from two universities are included.
Purposeful Redundancy.
http://asumag.com/security/mag/using-mass-notification-200909/ Viel, Patrick American School and University; v82 n1 , pSS32,SS34,SS35 ; Sep 2009
Reviews the use of sirens, text messages, e-mail blasts, outdoor voice systems, intercoms, and LED signs for campus emergency notification. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, as are potential interoperabilities.
Keeping the Community in the Know.
http://www.districtadministration.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=2090 Dyrli, Kurt District Administration; v45 n7 , p41-43 ; Aug 2009
Discusses mass notification systems for schools, which are more frequently being used for everyday, non-emergency communication. Internet-based services do not require hardware, software, or additional phone line installation. Some fully hosted online notification services are briefly reviewed.
NIMS/ICS: The National Incident Management System/Incident Command System.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2247 Ahmed, Shad College Planning and Management; v12 n7 , pS2,S4,S6 ; Jul 2009
Describes the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the Incident Command System (ICS). The divisions of the systems are described, followed by a discussion of its advantages to standardization, interoperability, federal preparedness funding, and cost effectiveness. Examples of campus applications of the system and advice on training staff are included.
What Will You Do? Effective Responses Come From Great Preparation.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2258 Dorn, Michael School Planning and Management; v48 n7 , pS8,S10 ; Jul 2009
Describes how a Florida school system handled a crisis effectively through thorough planning that incorporated the National Incident Management System (NIMS).
Disaster Preparedness: Do You Know Where Your Chemicals Are?
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2248 Kelsey, John College Planning and Management; v12 n7 , pS8,S10 ; Jul 2009
Identifies typical and unexpected locations of hazardous chemicals on campuses, describes disasters that may compromise their safety, or release chemicals from places where they were not known to exist, and discusses hazardous response and recovery plans.
Developing a Critical Mass Communication Plan.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2223 School Planning and Management; v48 n6 , p52-55 ; Jun 2009
Offers 11 suggestions for developing a mass communication plan, including integrating multiple forms of communication, researching and selecting the best systems, communication with first responders, staff and student awareness and training, a clear communications.
Joining Forces.
http://www.universitybusiness.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=1316 Schachter, Ron University Business; v12 n6 , p41-44 ; Jun 2009
Highlights programs at Virginia Tech, Boston University, Bryant University, Kent State University, and the University of Philadelphia, that strengthen ties and cooperation between college and university security and emergency officials and their local, regional, and state counterparts. The programs connect cell phones, land lines, computers, 400 megahertz and 800 megahertz radios, and walkie-talkies to the common denominator of an IP network, enabling system-wide with one call.
Crisis Communications.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/Media/PublicationsIssue/SCNMJ09.pdf Crawford, Matthew School Construction News; v12 n4 , p11 ; May 2009
Presents an interview with a school security professional that discusses reactions to the recent swine flu outbreak, improvements in school security since the 1999 shooting at Columbine High School, and a short-term forecast for school security.
Shocking Statistics.
http://asumag.com/security/life_safety/aed-school-university-use-200903/ Bingham, Dave American School and University; v81 n7 , p32-34 ; Mar 2009
Discusses automatic external defibrillators in schools, citing arguments for and against their installation. An installation program should be accompanied by training of key personnel, maintenance of the units, and placement in key locations.
Facility Survival Guide. [Emergency Planning Strategies.]
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/emergencypreparedness/article/An-Emergency-Planning-Gu ide-for- Facilities--10690 Lang, Robert Building Operating Management; v53 n3 , p41,42,44 ; Mar 2009
Advises facility managers on emergency response, with eight recommendations: 1) Develop an emergency action plan, not a guidebook. 2) Don't plan to rely solely on first responders. 3) Use Department of Homeland Security mandated NIMS courses. 4) Establish tabletops, drills, and exercises. 5) Establish a working relationship with first responders. 6) Create a perimeter group. 7) Use technology. 8) Don;t rely on product sales pitches.
Communicating Safety.
Trump, Kenneth American School Board Journal; v196 n3 , p29-31 ; Mar 2009
Advises what should and should not be said to the public in the event of a school tragedy, withmany typical messages being discouraged as being over-used or indicating a lack of recognition of the victims. A list of safety communication ideas for disaster preparation, rumor and threat management, and during and after a crisis are included.
Alert!
http://campustechnology.com/articles/2008/12/alert.aspx Villano, Matt Campus Technology; v 22 n4 , p26-30 ; Dec 2008
Presents an interview with John Turner of Brandeis University that describes the mass notification systems and strategies used by the school. Software selection and implementation, coordination with phone systems and speakers, and some early instances when it was used for weather emergencies are described.
How to Prevent a Document Disaster from Crippling Your Institution.
Hoey, Stephen American School and Hospital Facility; v31 n6 , p14,16,17 ; Nov-Dec 2008
Advises on protection of document from disaster, including creating digital archives, especially of building blueprints that can help direct the way out of a disaster. Advice on creating a reliable archive is included.
Campus Emergency Management: It Takes a Village.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=221 Templeton, Dennie; Ellerman, Gary; Branscome, Todd Campus Safety; v18 n6 , p30,32-35 ; Nov-Dec 2008
Elaborates on themes of the varying nature of potential campus emergencies according to location, and the necessity of coordination of campus and community emergency response. The example of Virginia's Radford University is cited, where an office for emergency preparedness was established. The continuing work of the office in preparing an emergency response plan, and the details of its coordination with the community and neighboring higher education institutions is detailed.
This is Not a Drill!
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1954 Bermahn, Simon College Planning and Management; v11 n10 , p33,34,36 ; Oct 2008
Discusses campus-wide emergency alert systems, using UCLA's "BruinAlert" and its successful engagement after a July 28, 2008 earthquake as an example. UCLA's selection process, along with the features and operation of the system are detailed.
Prepared for the Worst.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1965 Lemmon, Karla School Planning and Management; v47 n10 , p38,40,42 ; Oct 2008
Discusses mass notification systems for school emergencies, citing their advantages over traditional phone trees and even local television and radio stations. Examples of how mass notification systems have been used by school systems with weather, hazardous material, and suspicious persons situations are included.
Get the Word Out.
http://campustechnology.com/articles/2008/09/get-the-word-out.aspx Chretien, Wendy Campus Technology; v22 n1 , p30-35,34,36,38,39 ; Sep 2008
Reviews considerations for mass notification systems on college campuses. Creating a system in-house or outourcing it, targeted alerts, contact methods, standalone or integrated systems, and examples of deployments at a variety of institutions are discussed.
Your Key to Effective Lockdowns.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=201 Dorn, Michael Campus Safety; v16 n5 , p32-34 ; Sep-Oct 2008
Advises on strategies to create an effective campus lockdown policy. Lockdown protocols should address various scenarios, involve all campus and local law enforcement stakeholders, identify securable space, incorporate self-directed decision making, be appropriate to the age levels of occupants, and incorporate extensive staff, faculty, and student training.
When Seconds Count.
http://asumag.com/security/life_safety/seconds_count_campus/ Fiel, Patrick American School and University; v81 n1 , pSS48,SS50,SS52 ; Sep 2008
Discusses elements of an effective campus emergency plan, including widespread participation of and coordination between the occupants and local officials, practicing drills, and mass-notification systems.
The Evolution of Notification Systems.
http://www.districtadministration.com/VIEWARTICLE.ASPX?ARTICLEID=1650 Devoe, Jeanne District Administration; v44 n9 , p40-44 ; Aug 2008
Reviews features of current emergency notification systems that combine text, email, and telephone communication. Examples of how various systems have been deployed are included, as are costs to institutions and to families who subscribe to them.
Do You Know the Drill?
http://www.districtadministration.com/VIEWARTICLE.ASPX?ARTICLEID=1649 Pascopella, Angela District Administration; v44 n9 , p32-34,36-38 ; Aug 2008
Emphasizes the rehearsal of school emergency preparedness programs, and cites three districts that have noteworthy programs with drills that vary with each exercise and are complemented with follow up analysis.
Rise in Tornadoes, Floods Poses Risk to Colleges.
Carlson, Scott The Chronicle of Higher Education; v54 n32 , pA1,A14 ; Jul 03, 2008
Discusses the effects of climate change on college facilities, with increasing incidents of severe weather and flooding. Increasing scrutiny by insurance companies, and the recent increase of damage at inland campuses that were formerly considered safe are discussed.
How to Protect Your Building from Severe Weather.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=6222 Aker, Jenna Buildings; v102 n7 , p84-86 ; Jul 2008
Advises on preparing buildings for severe weather by knowing the facts about what types of severe weather affect your location, assessing building weaknesses, fortifying buildings, creating a disaster plan, and being alert to weather advisories.
California Community Colleges Get Prepared.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=185 Burnett, Tod Campus Safety; v16 n4 , p50,52,53 ; Jul 2008
Profiles California's efforts to improve crisis preparedness at its community colleges. The statewide effort addressed preparedness at 109 community colleges by providing centralized assistance with disaster mitigation, prevention, planning, preparedness, response, and recovery. Wildfires and dangerous winds in 2007 offered a first test of the new preparedness, which was deemed successful.
Finding the Right Emergency Notification System.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=194 Dorn, Michael Campus Safety; v16 n4 , p54 ; Jul-Aug 2008
Advises on sorting through the more than sixty vendors and their various emergency notification products. Points to consider are: 1) an "apples-to-apples" comparison through a careful RFP, 2) the stability and viability of the vendor, 3) the volume of messages the system can handle, 4) foreign language messaging ability, 5) ease of use, and 6) auxiliary features.
CASBO Members Called to Action During Fires.
Faneldes, Julie School Business Affairs; v74 n6 , p28-30 ; Jun 2008
Describes how school business officials in San Diego County responded to recent wildfires with a new mass notification system, software that matched affected areas to employee addresses, and use of schools as evacuation centers.
IT Emergency Preparedness.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1864 Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v47 n6 , p38-40,42 ; Jun 2008
Details a three-phase approach to IT emergency preparedness, consisting of identifying the assets to be protected, making a list of potential threats, and finding tools, policies, and procedures to protect them. Redundancy, remote storage of data, types of natural and human threats, and recovery are addressed.
Staying Ahead: Building a Culture of Preparedness.
Gingera, Donna; Masson, Aaron School Business Affairs; v74 n6 , p8,10-12 ; Jun 2008
Discusses school emergency preparedness plans, citing established national standards, the roles of leadership structures and senior management, risk assessment, mitigation strategies, and the components of the plan. Keeping the plan current, professional development for staff, and plan testing are emphasized.
Sounding the Alarm.
Kneen, Jayson; Welch, Beth The Construction Specifier; v 61 n6 , p68-74 ; Jun 2008
Discusses the evolution of simple fire alarm systems to emergency mass notification systems that increasingly use wireless technology and are more impervious to destruction by the event. Components of mass notification systems are discussed, as are applicable codes, and effective communication to occupants with disabilities.
Be Prepared.
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1850 Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v11 n6 , p41,42,44 ; Jun 2008
Reviews how New Orleans universities modified the emergency preparedness plans after Hurricane Katrina. Steps included lengthening evacuation and return times, as well as coordination between the institutions and local authorities.
Get the Word Out-Fast and Accurate.
Zalud, Bill Security Magazine; , p76-78 ; Jun 2008
Reviews wide-area emergency mass notification systems, addressing their components and function. Special considerations for campus systems are illustrated with an example of the system in place at The University of California, Los Angeles.
He's Got Your Back.
http://www.securitymagazine.com/Articles/Cover_Story/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006 Zalud, Bill Security Magazine; v45 n6 , p26,29,30,32 ; Jun 2008
Reviews higher education options for security management, criminal justice, and homeland security professionals, and lists the magazine's selection of the 100 best U.S. training programs.
Best Practices Breakdown.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=177 Campus Safety; v16 n3, suppl. 1 , p10,12 ; May-Jun 2008
Lists ten best practices in campus emergency text messaging.
Can You Hear Me Now?
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=180 Campus Safety; v16 n3, suppl. 1 , p2-4,6,7 ; May-Jun 2008
Advises on creating campus emergency notification systems with thorough coverage. Evaluation of systems already in place and what is needed, along with features that can be added to existing systems are discussed. Examples, benefits, and disadvantages of outdoor loudspeakers, signage, paging, and e-mail alert systems are described. Charts illustrate reasons for mass notification systems deployment, reasons for non-deployment, solutions currently in use, and those soon to be deployed.
Take It from the Experts When Crafting Your Text Message.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=178 Campus Safety; v16 n3, suppl. 1 , p14,15 ; May-Jun 2008
Outlines tips on crafting campus emergency messages, including repeating audible announcements; keeping messages short, clear, originating from an authority, and location specific; and having messages approved by communications officials.
Text Message Troubleshooting: Four Challenges Your Campus Should Address.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=179 Campus Safety; v16 n3, suppl. 1 , p8,9 ; May 2008
Discusses challenges with slow transmission, low enrollment, privacy and database security, and authority to issue alerts with emergency text messaging.
Your Mass Notification Cheat Sheet.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=175 Campus Safety; v16 n3, suppl. 1 , p16,18,20-22 ; May-Jun 2008
Presents a detailed table that outlines strengths and weakness of 17 types of audible, electronic, and visual emergency alert modalities.
Ready, Set, Respond.
http://www.universitybusiness.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=1039 Herrmann, Michelle University Business; v11 n3 , p40-46 ; Apr 2008
Reviews the rapid expansion of emergency notification systems (EMS) on higher education campuses, in response to recent high-profile shootings. Multimodal alert systems include text messaging, emails, IP signage, and telephone calls. Examples of specific systems and strategies deployed at various institutions are detailed.
Emergency Power: The ABCs of UPS.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=8596 Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v16 n4 , p18 ; Apr 2008
Describes three types of passive standby uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and advises on selection, proper sizing, and maintenance of UPS units.
Put Your Disaster Plan to the Test.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=5738 Garris, Leah Buildings; v102 n3 , p46-48,50 ; Mar 2008
Discusses organization of a disaster plan drill, including scenario selection, designation of responsibilities, observations, and follow-up after the event.
Virginia Tech One Year Later: How Campuses Have Responded.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=157 Gray, Robin Campus Safety; v16 n2 , p18-20,22-26,28 ; Mar-Apr 2008
Reviews improved higher education campus security since the April, 2007, Virginia Tech shooting, based on a survey by this magazine. Areas of improvement discussed are mental health services, information sharing, emergency planning, funding for security, and access control. Charts and graphs illustrate the percentages of increase.
Surviving Disasters.
http://216.130.185.103/story/showArticle.php?articleID=196605061 Henke, Karen Greenwood Technology & Learning; v28 n8 , p20 ; Mar 2008
Schools play a unique role in communities when disaster strikes. They serve as shelter for evacuees and first responders; they are a trusted source of information; and once danger has passed, the district, as employer and community center, often serves as a foundation for recovery. This article presents ten lessons that demonstrate how district leaders have used technology to respond to fires, hurricanes, lockdowns, and other emergencies: (1) Clean contact data is essential, for communications; (2) The network infrastructure must be ready for peak traffic; (3) Backups are not enough to rebuild critical applications; (4) Moveable systems get you back online when facilities are destroyed; (5) The essential operations of the district must continue; (6) Timely and trusted communications provide a sense of security; (7) Emergency credentials are needed by critical personnel; (8) Two data centers are better than one; (9) Students are texting, why aren't you?; and (10) People are the key to crisis management. (Contains 13 online resources.)
Planning for Battle.
http://asumag.com/security/planning_battle_administrators_campus/ Plummer, David; Johnson, Wallace American School and University; v80 n7 , p30,32,33 ; Mar 2008
Discusses communication strategies for campus emergencies, with particular attention to electronic messaging systems (EMS). System selection, implementation, and use during a crisis are addressed.
MNS Solutions for a Changing World.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/security2-0408.html Welch, Beth American School and Hospital Facility; v31 n2 , p14-16 ; Mar-Apr 2008
Reviews the origins of mass notification systems (MNS), criteria for these systems found in military and National Fire Protection Association codes, and current technology for marriage of fire alarms and MNS.
For the Record.
Carlisle, Van American School and University; v80 n6 , pSS48,SS50-SS52 ; Feb 2008
Discusses protection of vital records in schools, defining which records are essential, assessing threats to records, protective strategies and storage, and recovery after a disaster.
Creating a Plan: 10 Ways to Tame the Beast.
http://www.campussafetymagazine.com/Articles/?ArticleID=140 Messler, Mark Campus Safety; v16 n1 , p32,34-37 ; Jan-Feb 2008
Outlines ten steps in creating a campus emergency plan: 1) Designate a program coordinator. 2) Develop a known hazards and assets list. 3) Create a comprehensive all hazards list. 4) Determine campus vulnerability and risk. 5) Analyaze how hazards will impact your organization. 6) Check the laws that affect the plan. 7) Align the assets list to the hazards. 8) Define responsibilities via the incident command structure. 9) Plan mitigation activities. 10) Enhance the plan with mutual aid agreements.
Advice for Safeguarding Buildings Against Chemical or Biological Attack
http://securebuildings.lbl.gov/ This web site of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is intended for emergency personnel and for building operators. It contains current advice for dealing with a biological or chemical release in a building. Immediate actions that should be taken, as well as long-term actions, are detailed. Includes training aids.
American Red Cross, Disaster Services, Educator's Information.
http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/ The American Red Cross has compiled many materials for teachers, educators, and presenters to help children and families learn how to stay safe and prevent or reduce the effects of disasters or other emergencies.
Campus Safety, Health and Environmental Management Association
http://www.cshema.org/ CSHEMA is dedicated to assisting the membership in advancing safety, health and environmental quality in higher education; it is the definitive resource on best practices for this area of planning. Includes an extensive list of resources on campus safety.
Chemical Agent Information
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emres/chemagent.html The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has compiled information for first responders on specific chemical agents, and has published this information in the form of Emergency Response Cards that includes agent-specific identification, medical symptoms, prevention and personal protective equipment, fire fighting, sampling and analytical methods, decontamination, spillage disposal, packaging and labeling information. The following chemical agents are described: cyanide, sarin, nitrogen mustard,
sulfur mustard, VX, abrin, and other chemical agents.
In addition, NIOSH links to the Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response information on these same chemical agents, compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Children and Disasters
http://www.aap.org/disasters This website of the American Academy of Pediatrics includes academy resources, Federal resources, and information from medical journals and reports. Topics covered include biological agents, chemical agents,
radiological agents, thermo/mechanical agents, psychosocial aspects, disaster planning, and public policy.
Crisis Resources: Homeland Security/War Resources. [North Carolina]
http://www.ncpublicschools.org/safeschools/resources/crisis/homeland/ The North Carolina Public Schools Department of Public Instruction has compiled online resources on what to do when disaster strikes, including materials for counseling students and responding to tragedy.
Crisis Response and Violence Prevention Resources.
http://www.nasponline.org/resources/crisis_safety/index.aspx The National Mental Health and Education Center has compiled links to crisis response and violence prevention resources for parents, educators and communities. These resources are designed to help schools cope with the
aftermath of a tragedy and to implement strategies to create a safe learning environment for all
students.
Disaster Mitigation Planning Assistance Website
http://matrix.msu.edu/~disaster/ This site allows the user to view disaster plans submitted by libraries and archives as a model for developing your own plan. Resources are available in a database that can be searched geographically, by service, expert or supply. The search menu allows searching by state, multiple states nationally, or by type of service, expert, or supply. The results of a search can be downloaded for updating of your institution's disaster plan.
Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response Association, International
http://www.disasters.org/ DERA assists communities worldwide in disaster preparedness, response and recovery, and serves as a link for professionals, volunteers, and organizations active in all phases of emergency preparedness and management. Includes current events, resource links, and research pages.
Disaster Preparedness for People With Disabilities – Resources.
http://www.nod.org/ Emergency management and disaster preparedness resources compiled by the National Organization on Disability.
DisasterHelp.gov
https://disasterhelp.gov/portal/jhtml/index.jhtml DisasterHelp.gov is designed to assist victims of disasters in locating the information and services they need. The goal of the site is to combine the disaster management resources of all the federal agencies in its partnership in one central location.
Emergency Planning. [U.S. Department of Education Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools]
http://www.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/emergencyplan/index.html The U.S. Department of Education Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools' website on emergency planning provides school leaders with information to plan for an emergency, including natural disasters, violent incidents, and terrorist acts.
Emergency Preparedness in Schools.
http://www.bridgemultimedia.com/eas/emerprep.php Offers annotated links to publications and programs to help schools prepare for natural and man-made disasters.
Emergency Response and Crisis Management Technical Assistance Center
http://www.ercm.org/ The Center disseminates information about emergency response and crisis management to help school districts learn more about developing, implementing, and evaluating crisis plans. In addition, the Center helps the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools coordinate technical assistance meetings, manages a listserv for sharing crisis planning information, and responds to direct requests for technical assistance.
Federal Emergency Management Agency: Saferooms
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/saferoom/index.shtm Specific guidance is available from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) on this website for the construction of both residential and community shelters, for the benefit of individuals and communities in high-risk tornado and hurricane areas.
FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program
http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pdm/fy2007.shtm The Pre-Disaster Mitigation grant program is administered by FEMA to provide a consistent source of funding to States, Territories, Tribes, and local governments for pre-disaster mitigation planning and projects primarily addressing natural hazards. Approximately $97 million was available for competitive grants for the Fiscal Year 2007 program. The list of 2007 awardees includes Arkansas' Greenwood and Fort Smith school districts, who received a combined $9,917,772 to construct safe rooms on campuses.
H1N1 Flu Information
http://www.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/emergencyplan/pandemic/index.html Offers information designed to assist schools in disseminating health information, planning for staff and student absences, and maintaining a learning environment during a flu outbreak.
Hazard Reduction & Recovery Center
http://hrrc.tamu.edu/ HRRC was established at Texas A&M University in 1988. The center engages in research on hazard mitigation, disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
Institute for Business & Home Safety: Protecting Our Kids from Disasters Program
http://www.ibhs.org/ IBHS is an initiative of the insurance industry to reduce deaths, injuries, property damage, economic losses and human suffering caused by natural disasters. Site includes an information center, a list of publications, and information on the IBHS initiative to help retrofit a community's child care centers, better preparing the centers against natural disasters.
International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters
http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/ijmed/ The
IJMED is the official journal of the International Sociological Association's Research
Committee on Disasters. It is concerned with the social and behavioral
aspects of relatively sudden collective stress situations typically referred to as disasters or mass
emergencies. All aspects of the life history of such events, both actual and threatened, are
examined including mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery activities.
Kentucky Center for School Safety. Preparing for, Responding to, and Recovering from Attacks.
http://kysafeschools.org/ This webpage provides a variety of resources to help prepare for, respond, and recover from crises, including a school biological/chemical terrorist response plan, tips for principals, and information on helping school children cope with tragedy.
Natural Hazards Center
http://www.Colorado.EDU/hazards/ Located at the University of Colorado, Boulder, the Natural Hazards Center is a national and
international clearinghouse for information on natural hazards and human adjustment to hazards and disasters.
Natural Hazards Gateway
http://www.usgs.gov/hazards/ This web portal established by the U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,
educates citizens, emergency managers, and lawmakers on seven natural hazards facing the Nation — earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes, and wildfires —and show how USGS science helps mitigate disasters and build resilient communities.
Partners Assuring
Safer Schools.
http://web.archive.org/web/20010617134743/ PASS is a cooperative effort among approximately 20 federal
agencies and other organizations to coordinate resources involved in
creating disaster-resistant, safe school environments. Each of the
participants contributes tools -- resources, expertise, and technical
assistance. This Web site includes a PASS toolkit, and information on FEMA Project Impact Grants to Promote School Safety.
Risk RED: Risk Reduction Education for Disasters.
http://www.riskred.org/ Risk RED develops educational materials that aim to increase the effectiveness and impact of disaster risk reduction education. Risk RED facilitates information-sharing globally by gathering, developing, and populating a content management environment for use by organizations active in disaster risk reduction.
Safety and Security Design Publications
http://www.cpted-security.com/atlas/index.php Publications written by Randall Atlas, vice president of Atlas Safety and Security Design, Inc., an architectural security design consulting firm. Topics include CPTED and presentations on campus security.
School Actions for Emergencies (SAFE) Center
http://www.eschoolnews.com/resources/safe-center/ SAFE is eSchool News and the International Society for Technology in Education's information clearinghouse to help school leaders prepare for both physical and IT security threats and emergencies. The website aggregates plans and strategies for addressing a wide variety of possible emergencies, including bomb threats, earthquakes, shootings, gang activity, floods, hurricanes, pandemics, sexual predators, and more. Includes links to guidebooks, news, plans, and other resources from government entities, associations, organizations, schools, and universities.
Terrorism Resources [U.S.Federal Emergency Management Agency]
http://www.fema.gov/hazard/terrorism/index.shtm FEMA resources on terrorism, with links to FEMA's Risk Management Series which includes primers for designing buildings to mitigate terrorist acts.
Assessing School Facilities Damaged by Natural Disasters http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/assessing_flood_damaged_schools.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on assessing flood-, wind, and earthquake-damaged schools, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
Community Use of Schools http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/community_use.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on community use of public school facilities during and after school hours, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
CPTED for Schools: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/cpted.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) as it applies to school facilities, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
Fire Safety in Schools and Universities http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/fire_safety.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on fire prevention and protection of school and university facilities, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
Hazardous Materials in Schools http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/hazardous_materials.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on the identification, treatment, storage, and removal of hazardous materials found in school buildings and grounds, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
School Preparedness for Natural Disasters http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/natural_disasters.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on school preparations for wind, earthquake, and flood hazards, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
School Preparedness for Terrorism http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/terrorism.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on the protection of school and campus facilities from terrorist attacks, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
School Safety and Security--PK-12 Facilities Issues http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/safety_security.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on designing safer school facilities, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
State and Local School Emergency Planning Guides
http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/statelocal_emergency.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Plans, guidelines, manuals, and checklists developed by school districts and state education offices to assist schools in preparing for and responding to emergency and disaster situations.
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