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NCEF is a program managed by the National Institute of Building Sciences.
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SCHOOL ENERGY SAVINGS NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on heating, cooling, lighting, and maintaining school and campus facilities that results in energy efficiencies. 
Climate Planning Guide for Campuses: A How To Guide.
http://www.aashe.org/wiki/climate-planning-guide (Associaition for the Advancement of Sustinatability in Higher Education, Lexington, KY , 2009)
Advises higher education institutions on creating a coordinated plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It offers school officials guidance on how to begin a climate action plan, who should be involved, how to measure greenhouse gas emissions on campus, and which energy-reduction efforts are most effective. The basic steps outlined in the guide for reducing greenhouse gas emissions include energy conservation and efficiency, appropriate heating and power plant fuel choices, on-site renewable energy technologies, maximized space utilization to minimize or avoid new construction, "green" building design and construction, site selection, density and community connectivity, alternative transportation, public transportation access, optimized energy performance, and carbon offsets. 68p.
Energy Efficiency Study of Connecticut Schools.
http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/sustainenergy/documents/CTSchoolEnergyEfficiency.pdf (Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic , 2009)
Analyzes the energy bills for 356 of Connecticut's 1,026 public schools, revealing that they are among the least energy-efficient schools in the country, rating 26 on a scale of 100. A large percentage of the state's schools were built when energy was cheap and efficiency was not a priority, and analysis of specific school construction shortcomings by era is included. Specific guidelines and recommendations to communities and the state legislature are proposed, and 13 references are included. 20p.
Guide to Financing EnergySmart Schools.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/energysmartschools/ess_financeguide_0708.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC , Oct 2008)
Addresses common barriers associated with new construction, major renovations, and retrofit projects in high performance schools. The guide summarizes existing methods of financing and looks ahead to innovative, replicable approaches. It supports making a business case for high performance design backed by economic analysis that looks at the costs and benefits of new construction and retrofits over the project's lifetime. It also describes nonenergy benefits that tie energy efficiency and economic feasibility back to the critical mission ensuring a healthy learning environment for students. 36p.
The Efficient Windows Collaborative Tools for Schools.
http://www.efficientwindows.org/ToolsForSchools.pdf (Efficient Windows Collaborative, Washington, DC , Oct 2008)
Advises schools on window design parameters, performance factors, and efficient window options. Daylighting, shading, insulation value, air leakage, coatings, framing, skylights, and natural ventilation are addressed. 17p.
Savings Persist with Monitoring-Based Commissioning.
http://www.esource.com/esource/getpub/public/pdf/cec/CEC-TB-39_MBCx.pdf (E-Source, Boulder, CO , Sep 2008)
Describes how Monitoring-Based Commissioning, a program approach that combines permanent building energy system monitoring with standard retrocommissioning practices, can provide substantial, persistent energy savings. Permanent monitoring systems can identify previously unrecognizable and unquantifiable savings opportunities, such as equipment cycling, excessive simultaneous heating and cooling, or the unintended nighttime operation of HVAC and lighting equipment that would not be apparent from monthly utility readings. A pilot program conducted at 25 California university campuses demonstrated that MBCx has the ability to reduce peak-period and total annual electricity use, trend and benchmark building-performance data continuously, catch problems with control systems that are normally hard to detect, andi dentify cost-effective retrofit opportunities. 2p.
Report NO: CEC-TB-39
Variable Speed Comes to the (Kitchen) 'Hood.
http://www.esource.com/esource/getpub/public/pdf/cec/CEC-TB-42_Hood.pdf (California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, Sacramento , Sep 2008)
Profiles technology that reduces kitchen hood ventilation rates during slow periods, making it possible for institutions to significantly reduce the amount of wasted energy. Lower fan speeds also means less noise. The concept calls for control of kitchen ventilation-fan speed based on the amount of heat, smoke, and steam released by cooking. 2p.
Report NO: CEC-TB-42
School Modernization: George Miller & Ben Chandler. [Video]
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKLwKQhaQuk Jun 04, 2008
Rep. George Miller, Chairman of the Education and Labor Committee, and Rep. Ben Chandler, sponsor of the 21st Century Green High-Performing Public School Facilities Act, speak to the need to modernize public school facilities on the House floor on June 4, 2008. The bill they support was for funding to help schools renovate for increased energy efficiency.
Cookbook for Energy Conservation Measures.
(California Department of General Services, Office of Public School Construction, Sacramento , May 2008)
Provides general energy efficiency techniques and procedures that can be reasonably implemented in schools and have an immediate effect on energy savings and costs, as well as design and construction considerations that include HVAC and duct system efficiency, daylighting, occupancy sensors, insulation, triple glazing, and alternative energy sources. 25p.
Environment Report: Making Real Change Happen
http://www.tdsb.on.ca/wwwdocuments/programs/ecoschools/docs (Toronto District School Board, Ontario, Canada , Apr 2008)
Reports accomplishments by Toronto schools in achieving goals for environmentally responsible school facilties operations. The report begins with an outline of the Toronto District School Board's strategy for improving its environmental performance, followed by four sections that focus on priority areas: energy conservation, waste minimization, school ground greening, and ecological literacy. The report describes how the TDSB reduced its consumption of electricity by 8.34% and natural gas by 7.42%1, how school staff and students diverted 42% of their waste from landfill, and how ten outdoor education schools serve 3,500 teachers and provide more than 90,000 students every year with experiences in the natural world. 36p.
Integrated Classroom Lighting Systems: Light's Great, Less Billing.
http://www.esource.com/esource/getpub/public/pdf/cec/CEC-TB-1_ClassroomLighting.pdf (California Energy Commission, Publicc Interest Energy Research Program, Sacramento , Apr 2008)
Describes energy-efficient, flexible lighting for today's classroom needs. The integrated classroom lighting system (ICLS) consists of a combination of direct and indirect light, assisted by 96 percent reflective material in the fixtures, and easy-to-use controls. 2p.
Campus Sustainability Report.
https://www.indiana.edu/~sustain/sustainabilityiu/report/ (Indiana University, Bloomington , Jan 07, 2008)
Summarizes the efforts of the Indiana University Task Force on Campus Sustainability to develop a comprehensive program in sustainability for the IU Bloomington campus. The report addresses energy use, land use, recycling, transportation, and the built environment. 122p.
AASA Fuel and Energy Snapshot Survey.
http://aasa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/AASASurveyComments.pdf (American ASsociation of School Administrators, Arlington, VA , 2008)
Presents the responses to an eight-question fuel and energy survey that asked school superintendents about the effect of rising fuel and energy costs on their school districts. Ninety-nine percent of respondents reported these rising costs are having an impact on their school systems. Further, they reported that conserving energy, cutting back on student field trips and consolidating bus routes are among the top steps districts are taking to minimize the impact of rising fuel and energy costs. Meanwhile, few states are stepping forward to assist school systems struggling to meet escalating these rising costs. 16p.
Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings.
http://www.ashrae.org/publications/page/1604 (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers; Atlanta, GA , 2008)
Assists design teams in constructing energy-smart schools using off-the-shelf technology that can cut energy use 30 percent or more annually. It provides recommendations for various climate zones and implementation advice via a series of case studies. Also included are suggestions for achieving LEED energy credits and supplemental strategies for achieving advanced energy savings beyond 30 percent. Design suggestions from the guide include: 1) Daylight the classrooms and gym so that lights can be off most of the day, but design it carefully so that additional cooling needs are not required. 2) Design lighting that usea the most current energy-efficient lamps, ballasts, and integrated controls. 3) Control the HVAC system based on actual occupancy of each space at a given time. 4) Design a well-insulated envelope, including good wall and roof insulation and low-e windows. 5) Use high-efficiency heating and cooling equipment. 174p.
ISBN-9781933742-21-2
Financing an EnergySmart School.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC , Jan 2008)
Describes ten creative financing methods that can be used to create an energy-smart school, and includes three case studies. 4p.
NSBA Endorses EnergySmart Schools.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC , Jan 2008)
Outlines the case for support of energy-efficient school facilities, which in turn yields more money for educational programs. 2p.
Reduce Operating Costs with an EnergySmart School Project.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC , Jan 2008)
Advises on simple energy saving strategies for schools. These include limiting equipment operation during unoccupied times, low-cost repairs by in-house staff, preventive maintenance, energy tracking, and performance contracts. 2p.
Wisconsin Green & Healthy Schools Program Assessment.
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/greenschools/assessment.htm (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison , 2008)
These assessment forms are designed to help schools identify what types of healthy, safe, and environmentally sound activities are already in place and where the school can improve its efforts. The Wisconsin program requires that the energy, waste, and recycling, and water sections be done along with any two of the remaining sections that cover chemicals, community involvement, facilities and grounds, indoor air quality, integrated pest management, mercury, and transportation.
Saving Energy: How Three School Districts Improved Efficiency.
Helmke-Long, Laura (Council of Educational Facility Planners, International, Scottsdale, AZ , May 01, 2007)
Profiles three school districts named as Energy Star Partners of the Year for their outstanding achievements in improving the energy efficiency of their facilities. Also included is a brief description of the Energy Star program and basic suggestions for easy-to-implement energy-saving measures. 4p.
LEED for Schools for New Construction and Major Renovations.
http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2593 (United States Green Building Council, Washington, DC , Apr 2007)
Based on the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system for new construction, the LEED for Schools Rating System considers the unique nature of the design and construction of K-12 schools, addressing issues such as classroom acoustics, master planning, mold prevention, and environmental site assessment. By addressing the uniqueness of school spaces and children's health issues, LEED for Schools provides a tool for schools that wish to build green, with measurable results. LEED for Schools is a third-party standard for high performance schools that are healthy for students, comfortable for teachers, and cost-effective. It provides parents, teachers and the community a "report card" for their school buildings, by verifying that schools are built healthy, efficient, and comfortable. 77p.
Leavitt Area High School: Independent Evaluation of Wood Chip Heating System.
http://www.maine.gov/education/const/ae001.pdf Doughty, Richard (Maine Dept. of Education, Augusta , Mar 07, 2007)
Reviews the energy and financial performance of a wood chip boiler installed in a Maine high school in 1999. Even though more labor-intensive to operate, the assessment of the system was favorable in that it shifted the school's dependency from fossil fuels to readily-available wood chips, thus lowering fuel costs and offering a boost to the state's struggling wood products industry. Charts illustrate fuel consumption and savings, a suggested maintenance schedule, ancillary electric cost projections, a summary of economics, and life cycle cost analyses. 22p.
Revolving Loan Fund for Certain Energy Efficient Projects [State of Utah]
http://le.utah.gov/~2007/bills/hbillenr/hb0351.htm (Utah State Legislature, Mar 2007)
This is the text of a Utah bill to create a revolving loan fund for use by school districts to improve energy efficiency in school district buildings. 1p.
Core Performance Guide.
(New Buildings Institute, White Salmon, WA, 2007)
Advises on how to deliver best-in-class energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality in high-performance buildings. The book brings together over 30 criteria defining high performance in building envelope, lighting, HVAC, power systems and controls. It provides quantitative and descriptive specifications for exceeding state and national minimum standards such as ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2001. 127
ISBN-978097429691 TO ORDER: Powell's Books, Tel: 503-228-4651, Toll Free: 800-878-7323 http://www.powells.com
Ecoschools Certification Guide and Planner 2007-08.
http://www.tdsb.on.ca/wwwdocuments/programs/ecoschools/docs (Toronto District School Board, Ontario, Canada , 2007)
Provides guidance that a team of students, teachers, and staff can use to complete the Toronto District's application to be certified as an EcoSchool. The steps assessed cover energy conservation, waste minimization, environmental curriculum enhancement practices within the school, and community involvement. Points are earned for a variety of sustainable practices, and then the checklist is submitted with documentation to earn EcoSchool certification 32p.
LEED for Schools Registered Project Checklist.
http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=2616 (United States Green Building Council, Washington, DC , 2007)
Provides a checklist for estimating potential Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)certification, listing the attributes of site selection and design, water efficiency, energy use, effect on atmosphere, building materials, indoor air quality, and innovation in design that are considered under the LEED system. The number of required points in each category are shown, with an opportunity to indicate whether or not features within that category are in place, and then add up the points. 2p.
Understanding the Needs of Arkansas School Districts Relative to Building Use and Control, Utility Tracking, Personnel, and Facility Planning.
http://txspace.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/4646/ESL-HH-06-07-09.pdf?sequence= 1 Keazer, Jay; Nutter, Darin (Texas A&M University, College Station , 2007)
Reports on a study of Arkansas school districts' utilities use that documents community use, and utility use and tracking practices. Concerns over rising costs, differences between large and small districts, and the need for utility tracking personnel are particularly noted. 5p.
50 Green Strategies that Cost Less.
http://www.innovativedesign.net/pdf/50G.pdf Nicklas, Mike (Innovative Design, Raleigh, NC , 2007)
Compilation of a list of 50 sustainable design strategies for school projects that are cost-effective, including overall concepts, community, site design, daylighting and windows, building shell, electrical systems, mechanical systems, recycling and environmentally-sound materials.
6p.
Gorham Middle School: Evaluation of Geothermal and HVAC System.
http://www.maine.gov/education/const/ae002.pdf Doughty, Richard (Maine Dept. of Education, Augusta , Nov 21, 2006)
Evaluates a geothermal HVAC system at a Maine middle school. Details on the system s performance compared to other schools is provided, as are initial cost comparisons and a life cycle analysis. The report concludes that the system significantly outperforms typical existing schools, and marginally outperforms other high performance schools. 14p.
Green Buildings and the Bottom Line.
http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6390371.html (Reed Business Information, Oak Brook, IL , Nov 2006)
Examines financial considerations of "green" building across many building types, with one chapter each devoted to the practice in higher and K-12 education. Current attention to and financial advantages of green building in education are considered, as are obstacles and ways to overcome them. 62p.
Energy Management: A Necessity Not a Luxury in the 21st Century. Final Step: Development of Your Energy Management Plan.
http://www.schoolfacilities.com/_coreModules/content/contentDisplay.aspx?contentID= 2420 Schoff, Lorenz (Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA , Jun 06, 2006)
Adresses key elements that must be developed before an energy anagement plan can be developed and implemented. Numerous unseen or overlooked inefficiencies that can account for a significant waste of energy are identified. The development, goals, implementation, checklists, and training involved in an energy management plan are outlined. 4p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools, Displacement Ventilation Design Guide: K-12 Schools.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/D2.9c_FinalDVDesignGuide_2006-0630.pdf (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Provides guidance concerning the use and implementation of displacement ventilation (DV) for K-12 schools. It serves architects, engineers, and educators seeking to understand why DV is beneficial, addresses the implications of installing DV in schools, and details a design procedure for DV systems in school applications. It contains recommendations from a range of sources, including PIER research, ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards, and practical experience gained in the design, installation, and performance monitoring of DV systems in two California schools. Topics covered include general design requirements for classrooms, air supply characteristics, diffuser specifications, architectural design issues, load calculations, system sizing, HVAC design options, and estimating energy savings. Case studies from six installations are included, as are 42 references, a glossary, and numerous figures and tables. 123p.
Energy Efficiency Study of Connecticut Schools: an Opportunity to Improve Our Educational Infrastructure.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060917204904 (Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic , Jun 2006)
Analyzes the energy bills for 119 of Connecticut's 1,026 public schools, revealing that they are among the least energy-efficient schools in the country, rating 26 on a scale of 100. A large percentage of the state's schools were built when energy was cheap and efficiency was not a priority, and analysis of specific school construction shortcomings by era is included. Specific guidelines and recommendations to communities and the state legislature are proposed, and eight references included. 19p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools: Draft / Final Research Report.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ Arent, John (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Covers HVAC design considerations for displacement ventilation systems, drawn from completed research of the project, a computational flow dynamics analysis, and the results of the first demonstration classroom. The report addresses diffuser selection and layout, load calculations and system sizing and energy modeling options. The report also describes HVAC system requirements for displacement ventilation and control options. For the design phase, this report covers design requirements for TDV, load calculation procedures, energy modeling, and equipment selection. For the construction phase, the report documents show typical diffuser locations, ductwork layout, control details, and installation requirements. 23p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools: Final Classroom Documentation Report.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ Arent, John (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Documents the performance monitoring results of a displacement ventilation demonstration project at Kinoshita Elementary in San Juan Capistrano, California. The report also documents the processes of design, financing and construction of the demonstration classrooms. The unit is designed to supply a steady 65-degree supply temperature, with variable air volume to maintain comfort in the space. This report assesses the performance of the unit in meeting specifications, and a comparison of comfort, indoor air quality, and energy use with a control classroom that is served by a conventional 4-ton packaged rooftop unit. 36p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools:Combined Document for Product Engineering Efforts Report, Research Summary Report, and Production Readiness Plan.
Arent, John (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Documents the development of a unit that can tightly control supply air temperature in a classroom thermal displacement ventilation (TDV) cooling system, in response to varying load and outdoor conditions. Also described are the steps that the manufacturer has taken towards making it a production unit. The report provides an evaluation of the unit with all available data, and identifies the steps required to make this a production unit. 20p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance Of California K-12 Schools, Project 2 Final Report: Thermal Displacement Ventilation.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ Arent, John; Eley, Charles (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 2006)
Serves as the final project report for Project 2, Thermal Displacement Ventilation (DV) in Schools, under California's PIER IEQ-K12 Program. Key outcomes included the following: 1)Two demonstration DV systems were installed, commissioned, and monitored in two classrooms; one in southern and one in northern California. 2)Results of the DV demonstration classrooms showed that significant energy savings are possible. 3)Other results of the DV demonstration classrooms showed improved IAQ and acoustics with acceptable humidity levels. 4)Teacher feedback was positive for the DV demonstration classrooms. 5)The demonstration classrooms confirmed that DV provides good thermal comfort for classrooms with normal ceiling heights (9 feet). 6)A supply of 1,100 cfm of 65-degree air is sufficient for most classrooms in California climates. 7)The use of a tuned VAV control strategy will optimize energy savings. 8)DV can be achieved today using a variety of HVAC system designs. 9)DV provides many compelling benefits including energy savings. 43p.
Cost-benefit analysis of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic Roofing System for a School Located in Blacksburg, Virginia.
http://www.chple.arch.vt.edu/CHPLE%20Research%20files/Leena.pdf Cholakkal, Leena (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg , May 2006)
Analyzes how solar radiation, temperature, solar altitude, and solar azimuth affect the power produced by a new thin film photovoltaic panel. Through the application of multiple linear regression, the model developed is then used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the building integrated photovoltaic roofing system when connected to the utility grid when compared to a conventional roofing system. The analysis is applied to a school building located in Blacksburg, Virginia. Using the current utility rates and the energy consumption data, the payback period of the system is evaluated for full roof, half roof and quarter roof coverage. 93p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: Applications Guide for Off-the-Shelf Equipment for Displacement Ventilation Use.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj4_Deliverables/D4.2j1_AppGuidelinesforDV_2006-0522.doc Blatt, Morton (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , May 2006)
Provides background information on the potential energy use, indoor air quality and acoustic benefits of displaced ventilation as well as field experience with DV in schools and commercial buildings. The applications that could benefit from use of displacement ventilation are described including facility requirements, acoustic requirements, climate-related factors, and indoor air quality. Displacement ventilation system requirements for K-12 schools are defined, including diffuser requirements, HVAC requirements, and optional HVAC system features. Mechanical system options are described including central (chiller-based) plants, packaged direct expansion (DX) variable air volume systems and packaged single zone direct expansion units. Alternative control strategies are discussed and diffuser options are presented. Includes nine references. 15p.
UK School Carbon Footprint Scoping Study.
http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/publications/downloads/GAP-Final-Report.pdf (Sustainable Development Commission, London, UK , Mar 2006)
Reviews the current state of carbon emissions from British schools, their sources, and trends that will both increase and decrease carbon emissions in the near future. A variety of practices are proposed that will reduce school carbon emissions based on building design, waste, travel to school, procurement, and food preparation. 76p.
Energy Benchmarking: Does Your School Get a Passing Grade?
http://esource.com/public/pdf/cec/CEC-TB-20_EnergyBenchmark.pdf (Public Interest Energy Research Program, Sacramento, CA , 2006)
Discusses the virtues of the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) system for benchmarking school energy use. The steps in the process include gathering and tabulating usage data for all fuels; determining energy use per area, student, and hour; ranking the schools; and developing an action plan. 2p.
Energy Conservation Guide.
http://www.tdsb.on.ca/wwwdocuments/programs/ecoschools/docs/Energy2006.pdf (Toronto District School Board, Ontario, Canada , 2006)
Assists schools with energy conservation in order to participate in the Toronto District School Board's EcoSchools program. The Board's energy conservation standards, a five-step process for EcoSchool review and improvement, and the program's energy conservation toolkit are included. 24p.
Energy Conservation Report.
http://www.tdsb.on.ca/wwwdocuments/programs/ecoschools/docs/Energy%20Report.FINAL.pdf (Toronto District School Board, Ontario, Canada , 2006)
Shares the highlights of energy conservation work completed by Toronto District School Board staff and others during the 2004/05 school year. The document reportst that number of certified EcoSchools rose from 13 in 2003/04 to 53 in 2004/05, that "Smart" meters at 31 pilot schools are capturing and reporting on the hourly consumption of natural gas and electricity, and that monthly energy reports are now available on-line for all schools. 20p.
Energy in Schools:Energy Education and Projects for Reducing Energy Demand in Schools.
http://www.wisions.net/Download-Dateien/PREP_brochure_No6_short.pdf (Wisions, Wuppertal, Germany , 2006)
Describes five international projects that promote energy savings in schools, including the replacement of a school's three gas boilers with one wood boiler, the construction of a biogas plant to provide cooking fuel for a school cafeteria, and the renovation of schools for energy efficiency financed with anticipated energy savings. 16p.
Financing Energy-Efficient Projects.
http://www.schoolfacilities.com/_coreModules/content/contentDisplay.aspx?contentID= 2677 (Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA , 2006)
Briefly describes tax-exempt lease/purchase agreements as a means to finance improvements in school facility energy consumption. 1p.
New Energy for Campuses: Energy-Saving Policies for Colleges and Universities.
http://www.fypower.org/pdf/campus_energy.pdf (The Apollo Alliance and Energy Action , 2006)
Outlines six basic reforms that higher education institutions should enact in order to save energy. These are: 1) Upgrade to energy-efficient appliances and building systems. 2) Build high performance new buildings. 3) Buy or generate electricity from renewable resources. 4) Expand transportation alternatives to reduce fuel consumption. 5) Buy products that use less energy, last longer, and are better for the environment. 6) Create a culture of conservation on campus. Includes 69 references. 20p.
School Advanced Ventilation Engineering Software. (SAVES)
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/saves.html (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. , 2006)
SAVES is a free software package that architects, engineers, school officials, and others can use to determine what type of ventilation equipment provides the best advantages for their unique applications. SAVES incorporates two software tools for the school design community: 1) the ERV Financial Assessment Software Tool (also referred to as ‘EFAST’) assesses the financial characteristics of energy recovery ventilation systems for school applications; and 2) the Indoor Humidity Assessment Tool (also referred to as ‘IHAT’) helps school designers assess the moisture control characteristics of ERV systems, along with other building design decisions that can impact indoor moisture levels and indoor air quality.
Solar Secure Schools: Stategies and Guidelines.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/38435.pdf Graun, G. W.; Varadi, P.F. (U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO , Jan 2006)
Explores possibilities for schools to have more stable energy costs because they derive a portion of their electricity from solar panels. Large numbers of solar power systems are already being deployed at U.S. schools. Solar secure schools are not only technically feasible but also economically justified when grid electricity prices are high and volatile or schools are shut down by grid power outages more than once every 10 years. Solar power prices and grid electricity prices are trending strongly in opposite directions, so solar secure schools soon will be an attractive cost control and public safety strategy in most states. This document presents a simple step-by-step process that school officials can use to assess energy security options. 30p.
Report NO: NREL/SR-520-38435
The Business Case for Renewable Energy: A Guide for Colleges and Universities.
Putman, Andrea; Philips, Michael (APPA, Alexandria, VA , 2006)
Examines how colleges and universities are saving money and even making money with renewable energy, which includes solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, and hydropower. They can either build a renewable energy project on or near campus, or they can buy renewable electricity generated by others through a local utility or other supplier. It provides guidance on how to consider the various technologies, ownership options, relationships with utilities, and financial strategies. 153p.
TO ORDER:
APPA, 1643 Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-2818; Tel: 703-684-1446http://www.appa.org/applications/publications/index.cfm
Handbook of Financing Energy Projects
Thumann, Albert (Fairmont Press, 2006)
As the trend for obtaining funds for energy projects moves away from utility rebate programs toward other types of financing alternatives, there is a growing need for guidance as to what options are now available, how to assess project payback in advance, how to anticipate and avoid potential risks and/or hidden costs, and how to assure that the project is an economic success. Providing this guidance, this book details innovative methods for financing energy projects. It covers energy service performance contracting, rate of return analysis, and measurement and verification of energy savings. It provides tips to help readers work with lenders and case histories detailing financing success stories.
432p.
ISBN: 0824721594
Optimize Energy Use [Whole Building Design Guide]
http://www.wbdg.org/design/minimize_consumption.php WBDG Sustainable Committee (National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC, 2006)
This section from the Whole Building Design Guide recommends that during the facility design and development process, projects should have a comprehensive, integrated perspective that seeks to: 1. Reduce heating, cooling and lighting loads through climate-responsive design and conservation practices; 2. Employ renewable energy sources such as daylighting, passive solar heating, photovoltaics, and geothermal; 3. Specify efficient HVAC and lighting systems that consider part-load conditions and utility interface requirements; 4. Optimize building performance and system control strategies such as the use of occupancy sensors and air quality alarms; and 5. Monitor project performance through a policy of commissioning, metering and annual reporting. Detailed information is provided for each recommendation.
Report on the 2005 Annual Performance of Monitored High Performance Mobile Classrooms.
http://www.ncsc.ncsu.edu/research/documents/technical_papers Cleveland, Tommy (North Carolina State University, Raleigh , Dec 2005)
Presents numerous graphs comparing the energy use for a conventional versus a high- performance modular classroom. The total energy consumption of the high-performance unit was 30% less than that of the conventional unit. Figures for HVAC, lighting, hot water, and plug load use are broken out as well. Graphs are presented for each month of the year, with special attention to the extreme-temperature months of February and July. Ventilation and carbon dioxide levels are also covered. 18p.
Case Study: Commissioning--Commissioning Skeptic Now Believes.
http://oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/BUS/docs/Hillsboro.pdf (Oregon Dept. of Energy, Salem , Nov 2005)
Relates a situation where the Hillsboro School District (Oregon) spent considerable effort to rectify problems with uncommissioned school buildings. Then, when later using renovation grant money that compelled commissioning, the District had a different and positive experience with their buildings. 4p.
National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts.
http://www.mtpc.org/RenewableEnergy/green_schools/Kats-study.pdf Kats, Greg; Perlman, Jeff; Jamadagni, Sachin (Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, Westborough , Nov 2005)
Documents the financial costs and benefits of "green" schools compared to conventional schools, with specific reference to Massachusetts. This review of 20 schools nationwide demonstrates that "green" schools cost 1.5 to 2.5% more to build, but provide financial benefits that are 10 to 20 times as large. Individual sections discuss energy savings, emission reduction, water and wastewater impacts, construction and demolition waste, and health and learning benefits. 72p.
Another Challenge for School Districts: Keeping Kids Warm This Winter.
http://web.archive.org/web/20061220033837 (New York State Association of School Business Officials, Albany , Oct 2005)
Presents results of a survey of New York school business officials that assessed how recent increases in heating fuel prices will affect school operations budgets and how districts are planning for any anticipated budget shortfall. The principal findings of the survey are: 1) 82% of school districts expect a 2005-2006 operations budget shortfall. 2) The average 2005-2006 operations budget shortfall is estimated at $135,646. 3) Based on estimated energy prices, the cumulative impact on New York State s schools in 2005-2006 is estimated to be nearly $96,000,000. 4) School districts are prepared to implement a variety initiatives to close the anticipated budget gap, with the vast majority implementing new conservation efforts or strictly enforcing existing ones. This and other measures that avoid a negative impact on the educational program are described, including reducing non-school and after-school use of facilities, cooperative energy purchasing, and using alternative energy sources. 7p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D-2.5c Final Outline Specification and Schematic Design Report.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jul 29, 2005)
Summarizes a general HVAC load calculation for a hypothetical single-level classroom building in coastal Southern California, and an identical building in Sacramento, including accommodations for thermal displacement ventilation (TDV). Subsequent sections of the report provide a schematic description of three design options for applying TDV in the hypothetical classroom building. For each of the three options, a summary of the system design, major components, HVAC sequences of operation, and estimated capital costs are indicated. For each design option, an effort has been made to address the relative advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each TDV design option, and to highlight differences from conventional HVAC design approaches. A general schematic of the system layout, room layout and room section are included for each system design. 18p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D-2.8b Final Equipment List and Performance Specification.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jul 29, 2005)
Documents the requirements for new products designed specifically for thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), with the objective of identifying new products for TDV that are not currently available. The identification of new products springs from the TDV design charrette, system design options study, and market barriers study performed in this California research project. 12p.
School Ground Greening Guide.
http://www.tdsb.on.ca/wwwdocuments/programs/ecoschools/docs (Toronto District School Board, Ontario, Canada , Apr 2005)
Guides in selection, funding, purchase, placement, and planting of trees to create school ground shade for health and energy conservation. Presented in curriculum format, the guide explains the scientific justification for adding trees to the environment, then organizes the process into the following steps: 1) Establish a team, 2) Conduct a review, 3) Develop an action plan, 4) Implement the action plan, and 4) Monitor and evaluate progress. The included "toolkit" offers extensive forms and guidelines for plant and materials selections, as well as questionnaires to help guide the process. 100p.
Financing Options for Schools [Oregon]
http://oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/SB1149/Schools/financing.shtml (Oregon Department of Energy , 2005)
Oregon school districts constructing energy efficient facilities and/or making energy improvements to existing buildings have several financing options available through the Oregon Department of Energy. This describes the Energy Loan Program, SB1149 Public Purpose Funds, Performance Contracting, and the Business Energy Tax Credit Program.
Largest California State University Campus Saves Millions with Energy Management.
http://www.itron.com/pages/ (Itron, Spokane, WA , 2005)
Describes significant energy savings realized through a real-time data collection system that interfaced with the existing building automation system and a new distributed electric metering scheme. By this means, the institution was able to accurately monitor, verify, analyze, and benchmark its energy and procurement operations, as well as meet state-mandated energy consumption restrictions. 3p.
The Pennsylvania Green Building Operations and Maintenance Manual.
http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/dgs/lib/dgs/green_bldg/greenbuildingbook.pdf (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of General Services, Harrisburg , 2005)
Provides guidance for environmentally preferable maintenance and operation practices in buildings, including landscaping, snow removal and de-icing, cleaning practices and product selection, and maintenance of building systems, including parking garages 101p.
Geothermal Heat Pumps: Environmental and Economic Benefits for Public Schools.
http://www.arkansasedc.com/business_development/energy/files Joblin, Nathan (Adapted from masters thesis, University of San Francisco, 2005 , 2005)
Describes how the energy savings from geothermal heat pumps can typically pay for the system in ten years through reduced energy and maintenance costs. Indoor air quality benefits are also described. The study also finds that U.S. schools spend $6 billion a year on energy and that $1.5 billion to $2.4 billion could be saved if U.S. schools converted to geothermal. Includes 15 references.
5p.
North Carolina Performance Enhanced Relocatable Classroom Project: An Evaluation of Design Changes to a Typical Relocatable Classroom.
http://www.ncsc.ncsu.edu/research/documents/technical_papers Raper, Garrett (North Carolina State University, Raleigh , 2005)
In this study, the energy consumption of two relocatable classrooms located on the southern portion of the campus of Chapel Hill High School in Chapel Hill, NC is investigated. One classroom, the control, was specified and purchased by the Chapel Hill-Carrboro City School System. The other is a performance enhanced classroom designed by the Florida Solar Energy Center and purchased by the North Carolina Solar Center. Both classrooms are 24' by 40' modular structures, completely underpinned, and located adjacent to one another for a side by side comparison. The energy consumption and indoor conditions of each classroom are monitored by a data-logging system that also records outdoor conditions via a weather station. The performance enhanced classroom is equipped with a 3 ton, SEER 12 heat pump controlled by a Bard CS2000 unit, six skylights, increased insulation and envelope sealing, a demand control ventilation system with an energy recovery wheel, and a day lighting system controlled by occupancy sensors. The control classroom is equipped with a wall-mounted 10 kW electric furnace/air conditioning system. A programmable thermostat was also installed in the control classroom after two months of data was collected. A building model is prepared using the Energy-10 software package to estimate the impact the various design changes have on the energy consumption of each classroom. [Author's abstract] 54p.
Energy Performance Evaluation of an Educational Facility: The Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/33180.pdf Pless, S.D.; Torcellini, P.A. Nov 2004)
Documents the post-occupancy energy performance analysis of Oberlin College s Adam Joseph Lewis Center, an academic building designed to be an energy producer, rather than an energy consumer. Among the building s features are passive solar design, natural ventilation, enhanced thermal envelope, and geothermal heat pumps for heating and cooling. The building also has a roof- integrated photovoltaic (PV) system to allow solar electricity to provide energy to the building. This study evaluated the performance of the building and some of its subsystems over three years in order to improve the initial performance and document lessons learned to improve future low-energy buildings. During the three years of observation, the several problem areas in energy use were corrected. Operational changes and equipment upgrades were made during the second year. The third year was colder than normal, yet by that time the building's energy used dropped 37% from the first year's. 140p.
Report NO: NREL/TP-550-33180
Classroom HVAC: Improving Ventilation and Saving Energy.
http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/834323-9ygy7M/native/834323.pdf Apte, Michael; Faulkner, David; Hodgson, Alfred; Sullivan; Douglas (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Scientific & Techincal Information, Washington , Oct 14, 2004)
The primary goals of this research effort are to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate a very practical HVAC system for classrooms that consistently provides quantity of ventilation in current minimum standards, while saving energy, and reducing HVAC related noise levels. This research is motivated by the public benefits of energy efficiency, evidence that many clasrooms are under-ventilated, and public concerns about indoor environmental quality in classrooms. This document provides a summary of the detailed plans developed for the field study that will take place in 2005 to evaluate the energy and IAQ performance of a new classroom HVAC technology. The field study will include measurements of HVAC energy use, ventilation rates, and IEQ conditions in 10 classrooms with the new HVAC technology and in six control classrooms with a standard HVAC system. Energy use and many IEQ parameters will be monitored continuously and remotely, while other IEQ measurements will be performed seasonally. The study plan include the collection of real time data for a full school year, the use of high quality instrumentation, the incorporation of many quality control measures, and the extensive collaborations with industry that limit costs to the sponsors. 16p.
Report NO: LBNL-56527
Marion County Public Schools Operates Successful Energy Management Program.
http://www.schoolfacilities.com/cd_450.aspx (Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA , Oct 2004)
Describes the success of this school district's energy management program, run by an energy manger who monitors energy bills, trains and motivates maintenance, custodial, and administrative personnel. 3p.
School Ground Greening Guide: Designing for Shade and Energy Conservation.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060916162256 (Toronto District School Board, Ontario , Aug 2004)
Guides in selection, funding, purchase, placement, and planting of trees to create shade for health and energy conservation. Presented in curriculum format, the guide explains the scientific justification for adding trees to the environment, then organizes the process into the following steps: 1)Establish an EcoTeam, 2)Conduct an EcoReview, 3)Develop an action plan, 4)Implement the action plan, and 4)Monitor and evaluate progress. 84p.
School Operations and Maintenance: Best Practices for Controlling Energy Costs.
http://www.ase.org/uploaded_files/greenschools/School%20Energy%20Guidebook_9-04.pdf (Prepared by U.S. Dept. of Energy, Rebuild America EnergySmart Schools Program, Washington, DC; Princeton Energy Resources International, Rockville, MD; HPowell Energy Associates, Westford, MA; Alliance to Save Energy, Washington, DC. , Aug 2004)
Provides detailed practical guidance on how K-12 school districts can plan and implement enhancements to their current operations and maintenance programs that can successfully maintain their facilities while also reducing energy costs up to 20 percent. Most of the strategies detailed entail limited capital costs and produce rapid paybacks. In addition to technical information, the guide provides organizational information on barriers, challenges, the steps necessary to develop this type of program. Reviews successful strategies from a wide variety of American school districts and includes case studies. 114p.
Using DOE 2.1E to Evaluate Green Building Construction Opportunities and Ventilation Design for Lotus School.
http://www.erc.uic.edu/docs/IBPSA_2003-Lotus_p211final.pdf Chimak, Michael; Walker, Christine (International Building Performance Simulation Association, College Station, Texas , Aug 2004)
Using an elementary school as an example, this paper demonstrates how building simulation can be used as late in the process as the early construction phase of a building project, though usually with increasing cost of building modifications. Using building utility budget as an indicator, the options presented through use of building simulation tools can justify the change to the design or construction, by showing a reduction in the expected operational costs over the lifetime of the building. 163-168p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D-2.2d Final CFD Analysis and Documentation Report.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Jun 16, 2004)
Presents conclusions from computational flow dynamics analysis of various classrooms in this California research into displacement ventilation in schools: 1) Sufficient cooling and thermal comfort can be provided through two displacement diffusers, providing 65- degree supply air. 2)A 9-foot ceiling is sufficient for thermal displacement ventilation. Benefits of stratification are seen with high (12-foot) ceilings; as a result, less air is required to maintain the same room setpoint, for the same design cooling loads. 3)Marginal comfort is maintained at locations close to the diffusers. The temperatures at floor level are cool (67-68 degrees). Seated students should be situated at a distance of at least 4 feet from the corner diffusers, to stay comfortable. 4) Lighting loads contribute less heat to the occupied zone than occupant or equipment loads. 5) Displacement ventilation shows improvements in ventilation effectiveness, as evidenced by lower CO2 levels and a lower mean age of air in the occupied zone. 66p.
North Carolina Public School Energy Guidelines.
http://www.schoolclearinghouse.org/pubs/ENERGY.pdf (Public Schools of North Carolina, Division of School Support-School Planning, Raleigh , May 2004)
Advises on a variety of building features that impact energy consumption, including daylighting, solar energy, lighting, electrical systems, HVAC systems, plumbing, and water conservation. The publication describes varieties of systems available under each category, advises on their costs, and illustrates the energy impact of each. 29p.
Energy and Water Conservation: Techniques to Reduce Waste and Improve the Budgetary Bottom Line.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071029102730 Peterson, David (The Council of Educational Facility Planners International, Scottsdale, AZ , May 2004)
Presents simple ways to lower energy and water costs for existing school facilities that do not involve renovation or retrofitting. An inspection of bills and meters may reveal overcharges, duplicate billings, and inefficient payment processing. Adjustments to HVAC, light usage, and grounds watering can often be made without any negative impact on the facility or user comfort. Often, ignorance of systems settings create excess usage that is easily remedied by educating the staff. 4p.
Report NO: Issuetrak 17
Case Study: Resource Conservation Management--Crook County Schools Debunk Energy Myth.
http://oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/school/docs/Crook.PDF Mar 2004)
Describes how a small school district reduced its energy costs by 15% in one year without spending any extra money. This was achieved by auditing energy use and discovering HVAC programming errors that caused unoccupied space to be heated. Thermostat settings, lighting, and use of computers and appliances were also addressed. 4p.
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools:D2.1b-TDV Research Coordination Final Report.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ Arent, John; Eley, Charles (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Feb 03, 2004)
Presents a report on the coordination of research for this study of thermal displacement ventilation (TDV) in California schools. The existing literature was reviewed to determine important design factors on TDV performance. The ceiling height, the location of the heat sources, and the convection heat flow at the wall impact the temperature stratification. Design guidelines were formed from results of computational flow dynamics (CFD) analysis and experimental data. These guidelines consist of predictions of floor temperature, the temperature difference between head and foot level, and ventilation effectiveness. The CFD and experimental results can support the existing design guidelines, or serve as the basis for new guidelines. Includes 30 references. 12p.
Advanced HVAC Systems for Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools, Technology Transfer Plan (Revised).
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj4_Deliverables/ Blatt, Morton (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Feb 2004)
This technology transfer plan provides a time-phased tabulation and description of documents to be published and distributed to disseminate the results and to increase the market penetration of the thermal displacement ventilation (TDV) and ultraviolet-c (UDV) technologies being studied in this The plan addresses market barriers that often impede the adoption of new technologies and analyzes the roles of influential market participants in the funding, specification, installation and operation of these technologies. Potential advantages and disadvantages TDV and UVC technologies are tabulated. Information dissemination channels are outlined for each set of market participants, including publications, periodicals, web sits and upcoming meetings. Technology transfer materials are described that can overcome market barriers for the influential market participants. Anticipated technology transfer deliverables are tabulated with the expected delivery date and channel to be used. 43p.
Report NO: CEC-500-03-003
A Client's Guide to Sustainable Schools: A Draft for Development.
http://www.gaiagroup.org/CGschools.pdf (The GAIA Group, Edinburgh, Scotland , 2004)
Describes principles of sustainable design and provides guidance for owners formulating a program for sustainable building, communicating the benefits of sustainability, working with design professionals, and ultimately taking ownership and maintaining the facility. Several European sustainable schools and sources for additional information are cited. 43p.
Case Study: Retro-Commissioning--Silver Falls School District Gets What It Paid for.
http://oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/BUS/comm/docs/Silverton.PDF (Oregon Dept. of Energy, Salem , Jan 2004)
Describes a commissioning project for an underperforming new HVAC system. The process identified 72 discrepancies in the installation and operation of the system, made necessary repairs and replacements, and trained staff on the new system. 5p.
Energy Life Cycle Cost Analysis.
http://www.ga.wa.gov/EAS/elcca (Washington State Dept. of General Administration, Olympia , 2004)
Provides guidance for performing energy life cycle cost analyses (ELCCA) in Washington State and promoting the selection of low life cycle cost alternatives. Chapters 1 and 2 define energy life cycle cost analysis and explain which agencies and projects are affected by the ELCCA requirements. Chapters 3 through 7 provide the instructions and forms needed to prepare the ELCCA submittals. Chapter 8 is the ELCCA submittal evaluation that addresses the timing and completeness of each ELCCA submittal. Many components of this document are specific to Washington State building owners, but the auditing, reporting, and product selection procedures are generally applicable nationwide. 21p.
Guidelines for the Design of Energy Efficient Roof Systems.
(National Roofing Contractors Association, Rosemont, IL, 2004)
These guidelines are intended to assist design professionals who want to specify energy-efficient roof systems, as well as those who need to meet the requirements of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE) Standard 90.1-1999, "Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential."
TO ORDER:
NRCA Virtual Storehttp://www.nrca.net/pubstore/tech.asp?ProductID=322
Maine High Performance Schools Program.
http://www.efficiencymaine.com/pdf/programbrochure.pdf (Maine Public Utilities Commision, Efficiency Maine, Augusta , 2004)
Presents an overview of energy-efficient technologies that may be eligible for financial assistance from the Maine High Performance Schools Program. Artificial lighting, daylighting, mechanical systems, heating systems, and life cycle cost analysis are described. 24p.
Performance Contracting: Financing Better Schools Through Energy Cost Savings.
http://asbointl.org/ASBO/files/ (U.S. Dept. of Energy , 2004)
Describes how performance contract management can provide added funds for K-12 school improvement projects, with sections on how performance contracting works, case studies, and recommended sources. Under performance contracts, energy service companies (ESCOs) contract with school districts to pay for improvements from savings in energy innovations. If guaranteed savings don't materialize for the customer to the extent projected, the ESCO pays the difference. Depending on negotiations, performance contracts allow for either the customer or the contractor to keep any "excess" savings during the contract term. After the end of the contract term, the customer keeps all savings. 6p.
Sustainability: Building Our Future: Scotland's School Estate.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/education/sbof-00.asp (The Scottish Executive, Edinburgh , 2004)
Outlines princples and processes for achieving a sustainable school, covering issues that should be considered throughout the design and construction process. The individual elements of sustainable schools are enumerated, and the processes for securing them described. Extensive practical advice from two architects and a government official, along with case studies of nine schools that addressed sustainability are included. 55p.
The Cash Flow Opportunity (CFO) Calculator
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm (Energy Star Buildings, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 2004)
This tool helps decision-makers answer three critical questions about energy efficiency investments: 1.How much new energy efficiency equipment can be purchased from the anticipated savings?; 2.Should this equipment purchase be financed now, or
is it better to wait and use cash from a future
budget?; and 3.Is money being lost by waiting for a lower
interest rate?
The Energy Performance Benchmarking Tool.
http://www.energystar.gov/benchmark (Energy Star Buildings, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. , 2004)
This benchmarking tool allows school districts to compare their energy performance among their own schools and against schools nationwide. The free, on-line tool is password protected, and rates schools on a scale of 1 to 100. Schools that score a 75 or over and meet indoor environmental criteria earn the ENERGY STAR label- a metal plaque to display on top-performing buildings.
Preliminary Evaluation of Performance Enhanced Relocatable Classrooms in Three Climates.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/pdf/FSEC-PF-382-04.pdf Thomas-Rees, Stephanie; Parker, Danny; Sherwin, John (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , 2004)
Summarizes comparative energy performance data from side-by-side installations of standard and energy-efficient portable classrooms in New York, North Carolina, and Florida. The monitoring showed that the heating and cooling needs dominated the energy requirements, with lighting accounting for only about 10-15% of total use. The long term energy savings of the energy-efficient models were 34% for New York, 46% for North Carolina, and 81% for Florida. The specifications of the units and nine references are included. 13p.
Report NO: FSEC-PF-382-04
Improving Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance of California K-12 Schools: D2.2B Classroom Prototypes Developed Draft Report.
http://www.archenergy.com/ieq-k12/Public/Proj2_Deliverables/ (Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, CO , Dec 05, 2003)
Discusses the full-scale mockup classrooms developed to determine the supply airflow and supply air temperature conditions necessary to meet classroom cooling loads and maintain thermal comfort in this California research. Specifications for prototypical classrooms were developed to be representative of cooling loads and operating conditions found in modern classrooms. These specifications were translated into building models, and energy simulations were run to determine boundary conditions for a range of cooling loads and conditions. 17p.
LEED Energy Performance Modeling and Evaluation of the S.T. Dana Building Renovations.
http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS03-07.pdf Gundala, Sharada (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor , Dec 2003)
Evaluates energy use and the energy efficiency performance of the renovations to the The University of Michigan's 100-year-old S. T. Dana Building for the purposes of obtaining LEED certification. The study demonstrated that energy savings in the renovated Dana Building are primarily from use of radiant cooling panels. There was a 12% savings in total regulated energy consumption (heating, cooling, fans and pumps, service hot water and interior lighting) and a 20% cost savings renovations led to an annual savings of 279,000 kWh of electricity and 586 Mbtu of chilled water. This in turn saved $22,861 and $11,474 for electricity and chilled water, respectively, at the current utility rates. The steam usage increased slightly and cost an extra $1,739. A comparison between the total energy demand in Fiscal Year 2002-03 and the simulated Base and Proposed Models of the Dana Building is also made. 99p.
HPCBS Element 6, Project 2.1.2: Energy Savings Estimates and Cost Benefit Calculations for High Performance Relocatable Classrooms: Final Report.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060215093009 Rainer, Leo; Hoeschele, Marc (U.S. Dept of Energy, Office of Science and Technical Information, Washington , Nov 24, 2003)
Reports results of monitoring to develop reasonable energy performance and cost models for high performance relocatable classrooms across California climates. A key objective was to validate simulations for comparison to initial performance projections. The validated model was then used to develop statewide savings projections by modeling base case and high performance relocatable classroom operation in the 16 California climate zones. Includes 15 references. 38p.
School Energy Costs: A Matter of Leadership.
http://www.schools.utah.gov/finance/facilities/references/files/ (Utah State Office of Education, Salt Lake City , Nov 2003)
Recommends organizing a district energy management team, conducting a district-wide energy needs assessment, and then drafting an energy action plan to control school energy costs. Goals described are energy-efficient design for new construction, setting up a program for energy accounting and tracking, evaluating energy efficiency upgrades and creative funding, performing regular maintenance, hiring or designating a district energy manager, and involving staff, teachers, and students. 34p.
The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings.
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/design/costbenefit/report.pdf Kats, Greg (California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento , Oct 2003)
Presents a detailed analysis of costs and financial benefits of environmentally sensitive building design and occupancy practices. The study concludes that an upfront investment of about two percent of construction costs typically yields life cycle savings of over ten times the initial investment. Topics covered include reduced energy and water use, less waste, lower operations and maintenance costs, and increased occupant health and productivity. (Includes 20 annotated references.) 120p.
Energy Efficiency and Indoor Air Quality in Schools.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070322203948 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Energy Star Program, Washington , Sep 2003)
Describes how to protect and enhance school indoor air quality while improving energy efficiency. Common threats to indoor air quality are described, as is the energy cost of outdoor ventilation, energy recovery ventilation, and energy efficiency measures where adjustments may be necessary. 5p.
Students Leading the Way 2002-2003:
Energy Saving Success Stories from California.
http://www.ase.org/content/article/detail/1413 (Alliance to Save Energy, Green Schools Program, Washington, D.C. , Sep 2003)
Students and teachers from 37 of the over 80 California Green Schools describe their accomplishments in this booklet. Includes their strategies to reduce energy waste and bring the energy efficiency message into the community.
Design Guide for Energy-Efficient Research Laboratories.
http://ateam.lbl.gov/Design-Guide/index.htm (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Livermore, CA , Aug 12, 2003)
Assists facility owners, architects, engineers, designers, facility managers, and utility demand-side management specialists in identifying and applying advanced energy-efficiency features in laboratory-type environments. The Guide focuses on laboratory energy design issues with a systems design approach that views the entire building as the essential system. This means the larger, macro energy-efficiency considerations during architectural programming come before the smaller, micro component selection such as an energy-efficient fan.
The Energy Smart Guide to Campus Cost Savings.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ (Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC. , Jun 2003)
Rebuild America is a program of the U.S. Department of Energy that focuses on energy-savings solutions as community solutions. This guide focuses on colleges and universities. Each chapter spells out options and provides guidance for implementing projects that can save substantial energy and money. Information is taken from successful projects implemented nationwide. Each section ends with case studies that provide examples of how the nation's colleges and universities are realizing energy savings. Four sections focus on: (1) "Project Financing" (e.g., financing options and common financial misconceptions); (2) "Clean Fuel Fleets" (e.g., biodiesel and ethanol); (3) "Combined Heat and Power" (e.g., system components and system integration and sizing options); and (4) "Emissions Markets" (e.g., air pollution and climate change programs and opportunities for colleges and universities to participate in air pollution markets). 55p.
ERIC NO: ED480550;
Effects of Energy Needs and Expenditures on U.S. Public Schools. Statistical Analysis Report.
http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/2003018.pdf Smith, Timothy; Porch, Rebecca; Farris, Elizabeth; Fowler, William (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Washington, D.C. , May 2003)
This report provides national estimates on energy needs and expenditures of U.S. public school districts. The survey provides estimates of Fiscal Year (FY) 2000 energy expenditures, FY 2001 energy budgets and expenditures, and FY 2002 energy budgets; methods used to cover energy budget shortfalls in FY 2001; and possible reasons for those shortfalls. The survey also explored the cost-saving measures that school districts took in FY 2000, FY 2001, and FY 2002. Finally, the survey examined the extent to which the chief financial officer of the school district (or other district respondent) perceived the school district succeeded in reducing energy usage and cost per unit. The nationally representative sample of approximately 1,000 regular school districts was selected from the 1999–2000 Common Core of Data Local Education Agency Universe file. 87p.
Report NO: NCES-2003-018
Energy-Efficient Schools Policies and Opportunities
http://www.ncsl.org/print/energy/eeschoolpolicy.pdf Rewey, Christie; Brown, Matthew (National Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, CO , Apr 2003)
Presents a range of options for increasing energy efficiency in schools, gathered from a survey of 227 school business officials. These options include stronger consideration of long-term building cost over initial cost, energy-efficiency requirements for retrofits of older schools, energy managers in school districts, special billing categories for schools, mandatory energy codes or design guidelines, stronger building energy codes, state energy incentive programs, and performance contracting. The most vital elements of successful state incentive programs are also detailed, and the complete survey document is included. 49p.
Best Practices Report: A Sampling of Best Practices and Resources of School Facility Construction.
http://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/opsc/Publications/Other/best_practices.pdf (California Office of Public School Construction, Sacramento , Mar 2003)
Reviews useful documents from the California Office of Public School Construction and several "feature projects" that illustrate recent school facility planning ideas and design solutions approved by the Division of the State Architect and the California Department of Education. Examples of prototype school plans, developer-built schools, and design-built schools are highlighted. 59p.
Case Study: North Santiam School District.
http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/SB1149/Schools/docs/ Hardy, Catherine (Oregon Office of Energy, Salem, Feb 2003)
Oregon's North Santiam School District stretched $350,000 into $1.2 million to upgrade antiquated school buildings by implementing energy-saving lighting, heating, and control projects, thereby qualifying for Oregon's SB1149 public purpose funds, and by using a tax credit pass-through option, made possible with a partnership with Nike, an Oregon-based shoe, apparel, and sports equipment manafacturer. 5p.
Energy Smart Choices and Financial Considerations for Schools.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030619100713/ (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, D.C. , 2003)
There is more information packed into this two-page sheet than in many full-length studies. Includes salient facts that can help decision makers formulate an argument for implementing energy-saving projects in schools, such as "The 118,000 public and private K-12 schools in the nation are spending about $6 billion annually on energy costs--25 percent to 30 percent more than they need to." Provides snapshots of four schools around the country with successful lighting, retrofitting, air quality, and integrated design projects. Includes briefly stated statistics and facts about saving energy in schools. 2p.
Measurement of Energy and Demand Savings.
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2003)
This describes how to reliably measure energy savings due to building energy management projects. A standardized set of energy and demand savings calculation procedures, the guidelines provide information on minimum acceptable levels of performance in determiniing energy and demand savings in commercial transactions.
Report NO: Guideline 14-2002TO ORDER: ASHRAE, Tel: 800-527-4723 http://www.ashrae.org
Labs21 Environmental Performance Criteria, Version 2.0
http://www.labs21century.gov/toolkit/epc.htm (U.S. Dept. of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Labs for the 21st Century, Washington , Oct 01, 2002)
Provides a rating system for use with laboratory building projects to assess environmental performance. It builds on the LEED Green Building Rating System that was developed by the U.S. Green Building Council. As with the LEED system for commercial and institutional facilities, this publication proposes a point system that quantifies sustainable building features and practices, with the goal of obtaining silver, gold, and or platinum ratings. 25p.
National Best Practices Manual for Building High Performance Schools.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/31545.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , 2002)
This guide was developed specifically for architects and engineers who are responsible for designing or retrofitting schools, and for the project managers who work with the design teams. The design strategies presented here are organized into 10 chapters covering important design disciplines and goals: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transportation; and (10) resource-efficient building products. An additional chapter addresses commissioning and maintenance practices. Each chapter contains a list of related resources. 457p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1610ERIC NO: ED468856;
Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools: Cold and Humid Climates.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29107.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , Jun 2002)
The U.S. Department of Energy's EnergySmart Schools provides school boards, administrators, and design staff with guidance to help them make informed decisions about energy and environmental issues important to school systems and communities. The design guidelines presented in this document outline high performance principles for the new or retrofit design of K-12 schools. The document presents recommended design elements in 10 sections, each representing a key interrelated component of high performance school design: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transporation; and (10) resource efficient building products. To effectively integrate energy-saving strategies, these options must be evaluated together from a whole-building perspective early in the design process. A "high performance checklist" for designers is located at the end of the document along with case studies. These guidelines contain recommendations generally appropriate for cold and humid climates, for which Minneapolis-St.Paul, Minnesota, served as a model city. Other guidelines have been developed for the other climate zones. 83p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1542
Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools: Cool and Dry Climates.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29109.pdf (U.S. Dept.of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , Jun 2002)
The U.S. Department of Energy's EnergySmart Schools provides school boards, administrators, and design staff with guidance to help them make informed decisions about energy and environmental issues important to school systems and communities. The design guidelines presented in this document outline high performance principles for the new or retrofit design of K-12 schools. The document presents recommended design elements in 10 sections, each representing a key interrelated component of high performance school design: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transporation; and (10) resource efficient building products. To effectively integrate energy-saving strategies, these options must be evaluated together from a whole-building perspective early in the design process. A "high performance checklist" for designers is located at the end of the document along with case studies. These guidelines contain recommendations generally appropriate for cool and dry climates, for which Denver, Colorado, served as a model city. Other guidelines have been developed for the other climate zones. 83p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1543
Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools: Cool and Humid Climates.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29108.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , Jun 2002)
The U.S. Department of Energy's EnergySmart Schools provides school boards, administrators, and design staff with guidance to help them make informed decisions about energy and environmental issues important to school systems and communities. The design guidelines presented in this document outline high performance principles for the new or retrofit design of K-12 schools. The document presents recommended design elements in 10 sections, each representing a key interrelated component of high performance school design: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transporation; and (10) resource efficient building products. To effectively integrate energy-saving strategies, these options must be evaluated together from a whole-building perspective early in the design process. A "high performance checklist" for designers is located at the end of the document along with case studies. These guidelines contain recommendations generally appropriate for cool and humid climates, for which Boston, Massachusetts, served as a model city. Other guidelines have been developed for the other climate zones. 85p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1539
Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools: Hot and Dry Climates.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29104.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , Jun 2002)
This guide contains recommendations for designing high performance, energy efficient schools located in hot and dry climates. A high performance checklist for designers is included along with several case studies of projects that successfully demonstrated high performance design solutions for hot and dry climates. The guide's 10 sections scrutinize the following key interrelated components of high performance school design: site design; daylighting and windows; energy-efficient building shell; lighting and electrical systems; mechanical and ventilation systems; renewable energy systems; water conservation; recycling systems and waste management; transportation; and resource-efficient building products. The Phoenix, Arizona, climate was used as the model for these recommendations. Resources for additional information conclude the document. 89p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1291
Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools: Hot and Humid Climates.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29106.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , Jun 2002)
The U.S. Department of Energy's EnergySmart Schools provides school boards, administrators, and design staff with guidance to help them make informed decisions about energy and environmental issues important to school systems and communities. The design guidelines presented in this document outline high performance principles for the new or retrofit design of K-12 schools. The document presents recommended design elements in 10 sections, each representing a key interrelated component of high performance school design: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transporation; and (10) resource efficient building products. To effectively integrate energy-saving strategies, these options must be evaluated together from a whole-building perspective early in the design process. A "high performance checklist" for designers is located at the end of the document along with case studies. These guidelines contain recommendations generally appropriate for hot and humid climates, for which Orlando, Florida, served as a model city. Other guidelines have been developed for the other climate zones. 83p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1541
Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools: Temperate and Humid Climates.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29105.pdf (U.S.Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , Jun 2002)
The U.S. Department of Energy's EnergySmart Schools provides school boards, administrators, and design staff with guidance to help them make informed decisions about energy and environmental issues important to school systems and communities. The design guidelines presented in this document outline high performance principles for the new or retrofit design of K-12 schools. The document presents recommended design elements in 10 sections, each representing a key interrelated component of high performance school design: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transportation; and (10) resource efficient building products. To effectively integrate energy-saving strategies, these options must be evaluated together from a whole-building perspective early in the design process. A "high performance checklist" for designers is located at the end of the document along with case studies. These guidelines contain recommendations generally appropriate for temperate and humid climates, for which Atlanta, Georgia, served as a model city. Other guidelines have been developed for the other climate zones. 85p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1540
Energy Design Guidelines for High Performance Schools: Temperate and Mixed Climates.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/29986.pdf (U.S.Dept. of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO. , Jun 2002)
The U.S. Department of Energy's EnergySmart Schools provides school boards, administrators, and design staff with guidance to help them make informed decisions about energy and environmental issues important to school systems and communities. The design guidelines presented in this document outline high performance principles for the new or retrofit design of K-12 schools. The document presents recommended design elements in 10 sections, each representing a key interrelated component of high performance school design: (1) site design; (2) daylighting and windows; (3) energy-efficient building shell; (4) lighting and electrical systems; (5) mechanical and ventilation systems; (6) renewable energy systems; (7) water conservation; (8) recycling systems and waste management; (9) transportation; and (10) resource efficient building products. To effectively integrate energy-saving strategies, these options must be evaluated together from a whole-building perspective early in the design process. A "high performance checklist" for designers is located at the end of the document. The checklist is a quick reference for key architectural and engineering considerations. Case studies can also be found at the end of the document. These guidelines contain recommendations generally appropriate for temperate and mixed climates, for which various cities in Washington and California served as a models. Other guidelines have been developed for the other climate zones. (Contains a list of numerous Web resources.) 83p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1544
Get Smart About Energy.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31606.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Washington, DC , Feb 2002)
This publication discusses the high costs of energy in schools, the benefits of smart energy use, options for smarter energy use, energy's impact on student performance, how schools can participate in the EnergySmart Schools campaign operated by Rebuild America, and successful initiatives at other schools. Also included are a list of resources and factsheets on myths about energy in schools, the Rebuild America campaign, and energy initiatives at Seattle public schools. 16p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1524ERIC NO: ED464474;
How Parents and Teachers Are Helping To Create Better Environments for Learning. Energy-Smart Building Choices.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30557.pdf (Department of Energy, Washington, DC. , Feb 2002)
This brochure shows parents and teachers how smart energy choices reduce school operating costs and create better learning environments. The brochure reveals how schools have turned energy improvements into powerful teaching tools by incorporating energy features into the curriculum. It provides guidelines on ten key elements to consider for designing a high performance school: site design, daylighting and windows, energy-efficient building envelope, renewable energy systems, lighting and electrical systems, mechanical and ventilation systems, environmentally sensitive building products and systems, water conservation, recycling and waste management, and transportation. 7p.
Report NO: DOE-GO-102002-1521
Classroom Lighting Knowhow
http://www.designlights.org/downloads/classroom_guide.pdf (Northern Energy Efficiency Partnerships, Inc.; Design Lights Consortium , 2002)
This guide provides some advice on how to use photocell dimming in schools to save lighting energy without creating distraction to students. It also provides guidance on what types of luminaries to use, and how best to orient and group them in order to maximize energy savings. Estimated energy savings are given for a variety of luminaire and control options. Includes general classroom layouts, computer classroom layouts, corridor layouts, and lighting fixture specifications.
8p.
Energy-Efficient Education: Cutting Utility Costs in Schools.
http://www.lbb.state.tx.us/tsprp/Other/Energy_Efficient/Energy_Efficient.pdf (Texas Legislative Budget Board, Austin , 2002)
Details ten methods for saving energy in schools. The suggestions are accompanied by ideas for involving students, teachers, administrators, and outside professionals. Examples of how some Texas districts have saved money and lists of additional resources are included for each of the ten items. 35p.
Innovative Financing Solutions: Finding Money for Your Energy Efficiency Projects.
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/COO-CFO_Paper_final.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Star Program, Jan 2002)
This describes how performance contracts and tax-exempt lease-purchase agreements may offer practical solution when no money is available for energy efficiency projects. It provides clear financial reasoning and cost modeling, as well as some case studies. 11p.
Lighting Control Best Practice Guide: Schools.
http://www.wattstopper.com/pdf/SchoolK12guide.pdf (Watt Stopper, Inc., Santa Clara, CA. , 2002)
This publication offers design, specification, and installation guidance for lighting control appropriate for K-12 educational facilities. It features applications that illustrate the best control practices for a variety of spaces, facilitating lighting control design and application. Each best practice meets the provisions of relevant energy codes, reduces lighting operation costs, saves energy, and considers the needs of the primary space occupants, teachers and students. Each best practice includes a description of application, a list of control needs, a product solution, design considerations, a lighting plan sketch, installation notes, wiring and installation diagrams, and an equipment schedule. 58p.
Myths about Energy in Schools.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31607.pdf (U.S. Department of Energy, Rebuild America's EnergySmart Schools, Washington, DC , 2002)
Examines some myths and misconceptions about energy in schools and provides facts that can help school districts make smarter energy choices. The myths discussed are: (1) energy isn't a major budget item for schools; (2) schools can't save much by being energy smart; (3) energy efficiency is unrelated to student performance; (4) energy improvements in existing buildings require major upfront investments; (5) new schools are energy efficient; (6) constructing an energy efficient school costs more; (7) designing energy efficient buildings takes more time; (8) tracking energy use isn't necessary; (9) local communities won't support energy improvements; and (10) help is hard to find. 6p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-102002-1525ERIC NO: ED469147;
School Energy Conservation Ideas.
http://web.archive.org/web/20031218114858/ Bellamy, Jim (Peninsula School District, Gig Harbor, WA, 2002)
This is a concise list of over 90 tips for conserving energy in a school facility, compiled by a utilities manager and facilities planner.
Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Design of Building Services Systems for School Classrooms
http://www.chps.net/info/iaq_papers/PaperIX.1.pdf Tam, K.L. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Introduces Hong Kong's proposed Indoor Air Quality Management Programme, its achievements, and proposed target objectives. The design approaches taken to tackle the issues both from maintaining good air quality and energy efficient usage in school classrooms are outlined. (Includes two references.) 5p.
Energy Management Handbook. Fourth Edition.
Turner, Wayne C. (Marcel Dekker, 2002)
This is a comprehensive handbook covering every component of effective energy management, including boiler and steam system optimization, lighting and electrical systems, HVAC system performance, waste heat recovery, cogeneration, thermal energy storage, energy management control systems, energy systems maintenance, building envelope, industrial insulation, indoor air quality, energy economic analysis, energy procurement decision making, energy security and reliability, and overall energy management program organization. The new fourth edition adds new chapters covering all aspects of utility deregulation and energy project financing. An important new section addresses the pluses and minuses of in-house vs. outsourcing of energy services. Detailed illustrations, tables, graphs and many other helpful working aids are provided throughout.
761p.
ISBN-0824709128
Intelligent Skins.
Wigginton, Michale; Harris, Jude (Butterworth Architectural Press, 2002)
This introduces a new approach to Intelligent Buildings. The prime objective is to control internal environments through a responsive building fabric rather than by energy conserving building services systems.
The authors examine the potential for integral intelligence within the fabric of the building and explore the evolution of information technology and smart materials which have allowed a whole new category of design principles to be created. Includes international case studies.
184 p.
ISBN-0750648473
Sustainability Theory and Educational Facilities.
Woodson, Carol Mitchell (Dissertation, University of Florida, 2002)
The focus of this comparative case study was to test, discern, and document whether the theory of the construct of sustainability, specifically in the area of renewable energy systems, could be utilized in educational facilities as measured by cost effectiveness and efficacy. This study examined two Texas schools that approached supplying their energy needs in the two different ways: one using traditional methods and one incorporating the use of renewable energy. Data were collected to establish a life-cycle cost model for assessing the cost-benefit of sustainable renewable energy systems in place in educational facilities. Efficacy of the systems was established from the perceptions of the participant users of the facilities by use of an oral survey. It was the purpose of this study to test the theory for appropriate utilization of sustainable renewable energy systems in educational facilities in anticipation of providing the needed documentation to support a policy change in the design and construction of educational facilities. [Author's abstract]
ISBN: 0-493-85174-7 TO ORDER: UMI Dissertation Express http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb
Lighting for Schools.
http://www.edfacilities.org/pubs/lighting.pdf Benya, James R. (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC , Dec 2001)
This publication highlights some of the benefits of proper daylighting design in educational facilities, discusses energy efficient electric lighting choices schools can make that are long lasting and require little maintenance, and offers six steps for designing lighting systems that use half the energy of earlier conventional designs. Several light sources and systems are listed along with their mean lumens per watt, luminary usage, and types of school spaces where they would be used.(Contains three references). 6p.
TO ORDER:
National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, 1090 Vermont Avenue, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20005-4905; Tel: 888-552-0624.http://nibs.org/pubsncef.html
Preliminary Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Improvements to Modular Classrooms.
http://web.archive.org/web/20061211173542 Parker, Danny; Fairey, Philip (Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL; Grant from the National Association of State Energy Officers and the U.S. Deparment of Energy. , Sep 2001)
The ojective of this investigation was to evaluate innovations that would enable modular classroom builders to improve the energy performance of their classrooms, including improved insulation, better windows, daylighting, cross-ventilation, heat recovery, and radiant barriers for cooling dominated climates. The preliminary results discuss the classroom simulation model; preliminary research; building geometry; energy baseline for various climates; comparison of simulation model to measured data; issues associated with ventilation and infiltration; analyzed measures, and results. 12p.
How School Administrators and Board Members Are Improving Learning and Saving Money. Energy-Smart Building Choices Series.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30558.pdf (Department of Energy, Washington, DC. , Aug 2001)
This brochure shows how school administrators and board members can make smart energy choices to reduce school operating costs and create better learning environments. It provides guidelines on ten key elements to consider for designing a high performance school: site design, daylighting and windows, energy-efficient building envelope, renewable energy systems, lighting and electrical systems, mechanical and ventilation systems, environmentally sensitive building products and systems, water conservation, recycling and waste management, and transportation.
Report NO: DOE-GO-102001-1430
How School Facilities Managers and Business Officials Are Reducing Operating Costs and Saving Money. Energy-Smart Building Choices Series.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/30559.pdf (Department of Energy, Washington, DC. , Aug 2001)
This brochure shows how school facility administrators and business officials can make smart energy choices to reduce school operating costs and create better learning environments. It provides guidelines on ten key elements to consider for designing a high performance school: site design, daylighting and windows, energy-efficient building envelope, renewable energy systems, lighting and electrical systems, mechanical and ventilation systems, environmentally sensitive building products and systems, water conservation, recycling and waste management, and transportation. 7p.
Report NO: DOE-GO-102001-1431.
Smart Schools Save Energy: Promoting Energy Efficiency in New York State Schools.
http://web.archive.org/web/20040727173054/ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (United State Senate, Office of Hillary Clinton, Washington, DC, May 2001)
Discusses things that every school can do to save energy and money, and shows how New York schools have proven how these measures work. Includes a list of contacts. 8
Northwest Portable Classroom Project: Final Report.
http://www.energy.wsu.edu/ftp-ep/pubs/building/project/final_portcls.pdf (Washington State University Extension Program, Olympia , Mar 31, 2001)
Presents findings and recommendations regarding energy efficiency in portable classrooms. The research used newly built and retrofitted energy-efficient portable classrooms, along with an existing control. The findings describe typical points of air leakage and heat loss, inadequate or incorrectly timed controls, and poorly designed fenestration and ventilation. The costs for retrofitting older portables was deemed reasonable and considerably less than the cost of a new classroom. Practical recommendations for retrofitting existing and specifying in new portables are included. 25p.
2001 Savings by Design Energy Efficiency Integration Awards
http://www.savingsbydesign.com/awards-2001/2001awards.html (Savings by Design, the American Institute of Architects California Council, Sacramento, CA, 2001)
This honors design teams and their clients who worked together to make significant progress toward achieving award-winning design while pursuing high-performance building goals. Award winners include the Isla Vista Elementary School located in Galeta.
Benchmarking Guide for School Facility Managers.
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/infosource/pub/ici/eii/m92-221-2001e.cfm (Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency, Ottowa , 2001)
Helps school facility managers calculate their schools energy performance and compare it with benchmarks in their own region and across Canada. Templates for calculation are provided, along with graphs and charts representing energy consumption, performance, and costs. 24p.
ISBN-0-662-30541-8
Bright Schools Program: Energy-Efficient Schools for a Brighter Future.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/brightschools/index.html (California Energy Commission , 2001)
Describes the California Energy Commission program to help California's schools become more energy efficient. This program provides such services as identifying cost-effective energy-efficient systems and providing design and implementation assistance. Includes a downloadable nine-page brochure.
Green Schools Energy Project.
http://nationalserviceresources.org/filemanager/download (Youth for Environmental Sanity, Soquel, CA , 2001)
This publication contains a step-by-step guide for implementing an energy-saving project in local school districts: the installation of newer, more energy-efficient "T-8" fluorescent tube lights in place of "T-12" lights. Each of the 11 steps is fleshed out in detail; steps include forming a working group, holding a meeting, doing necessary investigation, approaching the school board, and choosing a company to do the work for no money down and payments from the guaranteed savings. The document also includes a fact sheet on acid rain, global warming, and air pollution. 28p.
High Performance Sustainable School Design: Roy Lee Walker Elementary, McKinney, Texas.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (SHW Group Inc., Dallas, TX , 2001)
This document describes the sustainable features of the Roy Lee Walker Elementary School (Texas), a prototype "Eco Education" school that blends the physical environment with the student learning process while protecting the site. The document also presents the process of integrating sustainability criteria in all phases of the school's life cycle. The sustainable design features highlighted include the use of wind and solar energy to reduce climate control costs, a rainwater harvesting design to reduce water costs, a natural daylighting design that reduces the need for flourescent light during the day, and classroom corridor technology that utilizes thousands of square feet of hallway space for learning activities. A floor plan and project timeline are included along with a paper that documents the school's sustainable features, which was presented on May 16, 2000, at the Twelfth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates. 27p.
ERIC NO: ED455674 ;
How to Guide: Maximize Energy Savings in School Buildings.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/pdfs/a1_schools.pdf (U.S. Department of Energy, State Energy Program, Washington, DC , Jan 2001)
This guide focuses on implementing cost-effective energy saving measures in school buildings and emphasizes the key role of collaboration at the State and local levels. Describes for students, teachers, and community members the economic, environmental, and health benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. Presents the steps necessary to work with a local school district as a way to implement a program at the community level. 6p.
Managing Energy in Your Educational Facility.
(Edison Electric Institute, Washington, DC , 2001)
This booklet explains how to develop and implement a plan to manage energy in educational facilities. It can be used to identify energy savings opportunities and implement a plan to reduce energy costs. It discusses the following steps for creating an effective energy-use plan: (1) get started and organize for success; (2) look at energy use and costs; (3) perform an energy audit; (4) identify energy savings opportunities (in lighting, HVAC, building envelope, and hot water); (5) consider an energy management system; (6) evaluate costs and payback; and (7) implement measures and monitor performance. It also discusses capitalizing on the opportunities created by deregulation, and seeking outside assistance. The booklet includes a glossary. 62p.
ERIC NO: ED471914; TO ORDER: Edison Electric Institute, 701 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20004-2696. Tel: 202-508-5000 http://www.eei.org/
The Energy Star Buildings Upgrade Manual.
http://www.energystar.gov/ (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Jan 2001)
A guide to use in planning and implementing profitable energy-efficiency upgrades in building facilities. The manual can be used as a comprehensive framework for an
energy strategy, focusing on the Energy Star Buildings' five stage approach -- a strategy that can help building owners apply proven technologies to save money and energy while preventing pollution.
High Performance School Buildings.
Evans, Deane (Sustainable Buildings Industry Council, Washington, DC with support from the California Energy Commission, National Concrete Masonry Association, Pacific Gas and Electric, Southern California Edison Company, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Education/National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , Nov 2000)
This guide provides information on how to create schools that provide better learning environments for students and teachers, cost less to operate, and help protect the environment. The guide is organized into three core sections. The first provides an overview and two interrelated discussions on what is a high performance school building and why are such schools valuable. The second section provides issue-specific questions that decision-makers can ask their design team as a means of driving the project toward the highest achievable levels of performance. The final section contains 16, 2- page "briefs" that describe each of the key components which, when integrated as elements of "whole building" design, result in a high performance building. Each brief describes what the building block is, why it's important to students and teachers, as well as to the school's bottom line; how it can be incorporated into the school's design; how it influences other building components and systems; and where more detailed information can be found. 80p.
ERIC NO: ED450555 ; TO ORDER: Sustainable Buildings Industry Council, 1331 H Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20005; Tel: (202) 628-7400. http://www.sbicouncil.org/store/hpsb_rsg.php
Issue on Gas Cooling in Educational Facilities.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (American Gas Cooling Center, Washington, DC , Sep-Oct 2000)
Several articles are presented covering the development and use of gas/electric cooling solutions for public schools and colleges. Articles address financing issues; indoor air quality (IAQ)problems and solutions; and the analysis of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Three examples of how schools solved their cooling problems are included, as are technology advances in gas cooling, and legislative issues. Concluding articles provide resources for school IAQ, discuss gas cooling as a solution to power crises, and presents a progress report on the University of Maryland's research of an advanced air conditioning system designed to cut carbon dioxide emissions by 45 percent and achieve 30 percent higher energy efficiency. 22p.
ERIC NO: ED449647 ;
Energy Efficiency and Indoor Environmental Quality in Schools
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air, Washington, DC. , Aug 2000)
This paper describes how to protect and enhance indoor environmental quality without sacrificing energy performance, lists the common pollutants and their sources, and explores how energy efficiency projects affect indoor environmental quality. Also highlighted are study figures showing the energy costs of outdoor air ventilation and an explanation of energy recovery ventialation technology that can help lessen these costs. An annotated list of areas where adjustments in energy-efficiency measures may be needed is provided. Two resources for additional information are provided. 5p.
ERIC NO: ED447676 ;
Laboratories for the 21st Century: An Introduction to Low-Energy Design.
http://www.labs21century.gov/pdf/lowenergy_508.pdf (U.S. Dept. of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency, Labs for the 21st Century, Washington, DC , Aug 2000)
Describes energy-efficient strategies for designing and equipping laboratories. Basic issues of laboratory energy consumption are discussed, along with key opportunities to improve energy performance during each phase of the design and acquisition process. Standard and advanced technologies and practices are included. 12p.
In Focus: Clean Air, Efficient Energy Use.
http://www.aasa.org/files/PDFs/Publications/In_Focus_Spring_2000.pdf (American Association of School Administrators, Arlington, VA , Apr 2000)
The American Association of School Administrators joined forces with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy to help school districts ensure that students and staff are able to work and learn in safe, comfortable environments. This occasional paper discusses how indoor air quality affects the learning process, and how schools that adopt smart energy policies in their buildings, buses and classrooms not only save money but also reap other benefits. 16p.
The Cutting Edge Technology Report: Designing Smarter Schools. [Videotape].
(Information Television Network, Boca Raton, FL , Apr 2000)
This videotape highlights the degree of school-building deterioration in America and the problems this causes for teaching and learning. It also describes the Energy Smart School campaign and details the factors needed in building an Energy Smart School. The video suggests that to build schools that last and to recoup some of the building expense, schools should be designed to be more energy efficient. Energy efficient strategies are detailed under the following energy saving categories: building envelope features; renewable energy sources; and indoor air quality. Several schools are highlighted for their energy savings features: a California school successfully addressed its Urban Heat Island problem; an elementary school in New Hampshire improved its poor indoor air quality; a Massachusetts school improved its lighting to not only be cost effective but also better meet students' learning needs. The video also examines how innovative design techniques helped a renovated school become a community center.
ERIC NO: ED447671 ; TO ORDER: Information Television Network, One Park Place, 621 N.W. 53rd St., Suite 350, Boca Raton, FL 33487; Toll free: 800-463-6488 http://www.itvisus.com
Energy Management Plan. [Tasmania]
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ (Tasmania Dept. of Education, Facilities Services Section, Hobart (Australia) , 2000)
This report presents an overview of the energy management plan for Tasmanian schools. The policy and objectives of the plan, designed to minimize the costs of all forms of energy usage within these facilities, are provided. Appendices contain an extract from the Asset Management Plan for Real Property Assets, a template for writing the Project Definition Statement for Energy Management, a list of potential upgrade sites, and a draft of an energy audit discussion document. 25p.
ERIC NO: ED452674;
Energy-Efficient Design for Florida Educational Facilities.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ (Florida Solar Energy Center, Building Design Assistance Center , 2000)
This manual provides a detailed simulation analysis of a variety of energy conservation measures (ECMs) with the intent of giving educational facility design teams in Florida a basis for decision making. The manual's three sections cover energy efficiency design considerations that appear throughout the following design processes: schematic design; design development; and systems design. Designers are advised to aim for the lowest consumption building that is economically possible and to target the major energy users, i.e. lighting and air conditioning, to achieve that goal. Reductions in annual energy use, energy cost, and cooling capacity are provided for comparing relative performance of ECMs. Simple payback of ECMs appears in a chart in each section s overview; life cycle cost savings appear in the conclusions section. An appendix describes the energy simulation program used in the manual to predict energy savings. Case studies are included. (Contains 45 references). 188p.
ERIC NO: ED445495;
Retrofitting in Educational Buildings - Energy Concept Adviser for Technical Retrofit Mesaures,
http://www.ecbcs.org/annexes/annex36.htm Erhorn, Hans (International Energy Agency, Energy Conservation in Buildings & Community Systems Programme(ECBCS), Paris, France, 2000)
Describes an ongoing program to develop
an energy concept adviser for economical retrofit measures useful during the planning and realization phase. The adviser will be applicable during the entire retrofitting
phase to ensure that both the calculated energy savings and the economical success will be
achieved after retrofitting.
Guidelines for Energy-Efficient Sustainable Schools.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Nicklas, Michael; Bailey, Gary; Rosemain, Pascale; Olin, Samuel (Innovative Design, Inc., Raleigh, NC., 2000)
These guidelines present optional strategies to be considered in designing schools to be more energy efficient and sustainable. The guidelines are organized by the following design and construction process: site selection; selection of A & E design team; programming and goal setting; schematic design; design development; construction documents; bidding and negotiations; construction administration; and commissioning. Each of these areas is further divided into some or all of the following fourteen areas that apply to each phase: general considerations; site planning and landscape design; daylighting; energy-efficient building shell; solar systems; energy-efficient lighting and electrical systems; energy-efficient mechanical and ventilation systems; environmentally sensitive building products and systems; indoor air quality; water conservation; recycling systems and waste management; transportation; commissioning and maintenance; and eco-education. 157p.
ERIC NO: ED461251;
Passive Solar Schools International Expertise in Support of the First Sustainable Elementary School of The Netherlands.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060929184804 Van Weenen, Hans, ed. (Sokkerwei School, Castricum, The Netherlands , 2000)
Presents the results of an international workshop convened to create a sustainable elementary school in the Netherlands. Complete presentations are included that detail existing passive solar school design and technology from the countries of the participants, followed by a preliminary design for the Dutch school. Includes 28 references and a contact list of the participants. 64p.
Case Study in Sustainable Design: Shivers Junior/Senior High School. Aberdeen School District in Mississippi.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Zimmerman, David, AIA (Mississippi State University, Educational Design Institute , 2000)
Design information, floor plan, photos, and energy use data are presented for a combined 45,000 square foot junior/senior high school in Mississippi's Aberdeen School District, built in 1956 and retrofitted over time to improve its usability. Exterior and interior photos show classrooms, the cafeteria, and gymnasium. Data are presented on the school's current energy use and every area where improvements are required. Lighting retrofit information and cost/savings data on a geothermal heat pump retrofit conclude the document. 49p.
ERIC NO: ED441332 ;
Energy Smart Schools: Opportunities to Save Money, Save Energy and Improve Student Performance.
http://web.archive.org/web/20061207065803 (Environmental and Energy Study Institute, Washington, DC, Dec 1999)
An expert panel at a Congressional briefing chaired by Rep. Mark Udall discusses the benefits of energy smart schools and prospects for their further development. This describes the "whole building" approach to school construction. 4p.
Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Improvements to Portable Classrooms in Florida.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/fsec-cr-1133-99 Callahan, Michael P.; Parker, Danny S.; Sherwin, John R.; Anello, Michael T. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , Nov 1999)
Findings are presented from a 2-year experiment exploring ways to reduce energy costs and improve the learning environment in Florida's 25,000 portable classrooms. Improvements were made in two highly instrumented portable classrooms in the following areas: installation of a T8 lighting system with electronic ballasts; a high efficiency heat pump with enthalpy recovery ventilation (ERV); a metal white reflective roof system; and an occupancy based control system for lighting and air conditioning. Findings reveal the lighting system and occupancy control reduced lighting energy use by an average of 53 percent from one year to the next. The ERV provided five times the ventilation air found in the initial configuration, while still controlling indoor humidity to an acceptable level; this significantly cut internal CO2 levels with a potential beneficial impact on indoor air quality. Total reduction in space conditioning energy needs was 39 percent or about 6.9 kWh/day. The project demonstrates the feasibility of altering new portable classrooms in Florida so that they use 40 percent less electricity. Energy savings greater than 30 percent were demonstrated for existing portable classrooms through automated controls and simple changes to the lighting system. 19p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-1133-99TO ORDER: Florida Solar Energy Center, 1679 Clearlake Rd., Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. Tel: 407-638-1011 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
Mainstreaming the Sustainably Designed School.
Weintraub, Deborah; Pierce, Tony (Technical paper presented at the Maintaining Green, Sustainable Design for Buildings & Communities Conference, American Institute of Architects, Committee on the Environment , Oct 16, 1999)
This paper documents a school building energy efficiency and sustainability project involving the Newport Mesa Unified School District in California. The paper first examines the project design objectives and then discusses each of the project elements, including the site design, daylighting issues and models, and systems for natural ventilation and thermal comfort. Also discussed is the use of DOE-2 energy modeling, which was performed in the design development stage in order to develop consensus on a finalized design. The report also lists data on various characteristics of the school building, such as the architectural features; HVAC system; building operation and internal loading; energy use; annual utility costs; and a list of average school day temperatures, which compares the impact of light and dark roofs on indoor temperatures. 27p.
ERIC NO: ED455673 ;
Schools Going Solar. A Guide to Schools Enjoying the Power of Solar Energy. Volume 2.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ Gibson, Bob, Ed.; Bokow, Jacquie, Ed.; Hitchcock, Susan Tyler (Utility Photo Voltaic Group, Washington, DC , Oct 1999)
This companion document updates an April 1998 volume on designing schools to use solar energy as a power source. Volume 2 presents numerous case studies of solar installations in new and existing schools across the United States and Europe, updates and presents new examples of solar education programs, and offers an updated resource listing of organizations and programs that can provide information and assistance for solar school projects. 48p.
ERIC NO: ED426854;
Fifteen O&M Best Practices for Energy-Efficient Buildings.
http://www.peci.org/Library/PECI_15BestOM_0302.pdf (Portland Energy Conservation, Inc., OR, Sep 1999)
An overview of 15 O&M best practices that building owners and managers can employ to make their buildings more energy-efficient. These best practices are divided into four major categories: management, teamwork, resources, and energy-efficient O&M.
42p.
Operation and Maintenance Assessments: A Best Practice for Energy-Efficient Building Operations.
http://www.peci.org/Library/PECI_EEOp1_0302.pdf (Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. OR, Sep 1999)
This describes what an O&M assessment is, who should perform it, the benefits of an assessment, what it costs, and the process for performing an assessment. Includes a glossary of terms and sample site-assessment forms, a request for proposal checklist, sample procedures and plan, and a sample master log of findings. 54p
Fiscal Accountability of the Department of Education:
Tracking Responsibility for Utility Costs. A Report to the
Governor and the Legislature of the State of Hawaii.
Higa, Marion M. (Hawaii State Office of the Auditor, Honolulu. , Apr 1999)
Responsibility for expenditures by schools in Hawaii for such utilities
as electricity, telephone, gas, water, and sewer is shifting from the Department
of Education to schools. In shifting responsibility for processing telephone and
electricity payments to local schools while retaining management functions, the
department failed to develop clear objectives, ensure schools possess adequate
resources, or maintain accurate expenditure records by location. Departmental
responsibility for gas, water, and sewer costs failed to produce such
management benefits as accountability, flexibility, and conservation. Control of
funds by the department penalized schools saving energy funds, failed to ensure
school accountability or promote clear conservation efforts and incentives, and
left schools short-staffed. Poor formatting and cost miscoding made
departmental expenditure reports incomplete and inaccurate, undermining
budget requests to the legislature. Utility allocations were inadequate because
workload increases were unfunded and project costs underestimated, though
the department now appears to be improving projected electricity cost
calculations.
Report NO: R-99-16
Energy Efficient Florida Educational Facilities: Phase VI. Progress Report: Phase I and II.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Callahan, Michael P.; Parker, Danny S. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL , Feb 1999)
This study examines differences in energy uses in two adjacent portable classrooms to determine if these types of facilities can be made more energy efficient through retrofitting. Retrofitting included an efficient lighting system, new air conditioners, and reflective white metal roofs. Data show the white metal roofing reduced roof, decking, and attic temperatures significantly. The newer air conditioning system (Bard 2.5 ton HVAC unit) had a much higher ventilation rate than the old air conditioning unit and achieved energy savings of approximately 45 percent. The T8 lamp-electronic ballast system that replaced the old T12 system resulted in energy savings of 20 percent with an average increase in brightness of 4 percent. (Contains 7 references.) 5p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-1063-99ERIC NO: ED433685 ;
Energy Retrofit for Aging K-12 Schools.
(3D/International, Inc., Houston, TX , 1999)
Successfully retrofitting aging K-12 schools using energy conservation measures (ECM) that can improve the physical plant and reduce energy consumption are explored. Contracting strategies for school districts that choose not to use Energy Savings Companies (companies providing design, construction, and financing with a guaranteed construction cost and energy savings component) are also examined.
ERIC NO: ED434483; TO ORDER: 3D/International, Inc., 1900 West Loop South, Suite 400, Houston, TX 77027; Tel: 713-871-7000
No Light at Night: Night Time Black Outs and Vandalism.
http://web.archive.org/web/20040208100847/ (California Energy Extension Service , 1999)
While saving energy, Battle Ground School District in Clark County has reduced vandalism to almost zero with a policy to darken campus after 10:30 p.m. Spokane
School District and Riverside School District have been experiencing similar results for over six years. The article documents decreased vandalism and energy savings when school grounds are darkened after nighttime use, citing case studies in California, Texas, and Washington state.
The Metering Guide for Managers.
Qayoumi, Mohammed H. (APPA: Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers, Alexandria, VA , 1999)
Provides a guide to management of utilities metering in educational facilities, especially colleges and universities. Chapter 1 gives an overview of why utility
measurement, specifically the metering of energy consumption, is important in facilities
management. Chapter 2 defines the basic units of measurement for both electric and nonelectric energy, defines the common multipliers that describe the magnitude of a measurement, and discusses basic utility rate structures and their impact on energy costs. Chapter 3 considers the fundamental elements and components of utility metering how alternative current is measured,common types of analog metering, present-day digital technology, and performance metering. Chapter 4 describes metering products that are currently available, such as nonintrusive appliance-load monitoring systems, electric metering networks, and main electric meters. Chapter 5 discusses management aspects of the role of metering in a deregulated environment, including strategies to reduce electric energy costs, energy management plans, and meter specifications and
installation. 93p.
ERIC NO: ED435277 ; TO ORDER: Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers, 1643 Prince St.,Alexandria, VA 22314-2818 http://www.appa.org
Reducing Operating Costs and Improving the Student Learning Environment. Energy Efficient Capital Upgrades in K-12 Schools
Lefevre, Jessica S., Ed. (National Association of Energy Service Companies, Washington, DC , 1999)
A paper provides case studies of energy efficiency retrofits already in place at K-12 schools nationwide that demonstrate the capital upgrades and cost savings available to schools through performance-based energy efficiency contracting with an Energy Service Company. An introductory section contains information on the mounting costs of deferred maintenance and repairs in the nation's schools and on the critical link between the quality of education and the quality of the learning environment. 62p.
TO ORDER:
NAESCO; 1615 M St., NW, Suite 800; Washington, DC 20036; Tel: 202-822-0954http://www.naesco.org/bookstore/default.aspx
Geothermal Heat Pumps Score High Marks in Schools.
Office of Geothermal Technologies (U.S. Dept. of Energy,National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO , 1998)
Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are showing their value in providing lower operating
and maintenance costs, energy efficiency, and superior classroom comfort. This
document describes what GHPs are and the benefits a school can garner after
installing a GHP system. Three case studies are provided that illustrate these benefits.
Finally, the Department of Energy's involvement in fostering the development of a fast-
growing, self-sustaining, national GHP industry infrastructure is discussed.
Organizational sources for additional information are listed. 4p.
Report NO: DOE/GO-10098-650ERIC NO: ED425623; TO ORDER: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401-3393; tel:(303)275-3000 http://www.nrel.gov/
Guide to Energy Performance Contracting.
http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/publications/epc.pdf (State of Hawaii, Energy, Resources, and Technology Division, Honolulu,HI , Jul 1998)
Describes the process for energy performance contracting,including getting started, requesting proposals, selecting a contractor, preparing a contract, measuring energy savings, and monitoring and managing a performance contract. Includes worksheets, sample contract, references. 243p.
Rebuild America: A Summary Report of K-12 School Projects.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery D & R International (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Washington, D.C. , Jul 1998)
The U.S. Department of Energy's Rebuild America is a voluntary partnership program that helps communities make profitable investments in existing school buildings through energy efficient technologies. This report provides a summary of 19 partnerships in 13 states performing school building improvements totalling 1,231 buildings in 94 school districts. Summaries cover the following states: Alaska; Arizona; Arkansas; California; Colorado; Connecticut; District of Columbia; Hawaii; Idaho; Iowa; Kansas; Missouri; and New Jersey. 14p.
ERIC NO: ED425617 ;
School District Energy Conservation Activities (Follow-Up Review)
http://nysosc3.osc.state.ny.us/audits/allaudits/093098/98f5.htm Barber, Jerry (New York State Office of the Comptroller, Albany , June 29, 1998)
This document was written in response to an earlier audit report, 96-J-2, entitled "School District Energy Conservation Activities." This follow-up report provides the background behind the initial recommendations and evaluates the status of the nine recommendations to the Department. Finds that six of the recommendations were implemented, one was partially implemented, and two had not yet been implemented.
Report NO: 98-F-5TO ORDER: Office of the State Comptroller, A.E. Smith State Office Building, Albany, NY 12236.
Guide to Energy Performance Contracting.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060928065751 (The South Carolina Energy Office, Jun 1998)
Energy Performance Contracting is a financing method which allows an institution
to improve its buildings using the money saved through reduced utility
expenditures to pay for more efficient equipment, controls, and maintenance.
This guide was
developed so school districts and governments may better understand the
methodology, as well as the potential costs and benefits. The guide includes common features of Energy Performance Contracting; describes a simple, preliminary feasibility evaluation, and advice on
getting a project started; describes in detail the Energy Service Company (ESCO) selection
process; provides a description of the actual performance contract; addresses in detail the measuring of energy savings and gives advice on
project monitoring and management to insure a successful project.
131p.
Energy Efficient Florida Educational Facilities. Improvements to a Portable Classroom in a Volusia County School
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Callahan, Michael P.; Parker, Danny S. (Building Design Assistance Center, Florida Solar Energy Center , Jun 1998)
The Florida Department of Education is monitoring the energy use of two adjacent portable classrooms to compare their energy efficiency in a hot and humid climate and determine if they can be made more energy efficient either by retrofit or when the portables were constructed. This report provides the background of this research and describes the portable classroom's lighting, roofing, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems; and discusses results and conclusions. 8p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-1008-98ERIC NO: ED428506 ;
Financing Energy Efficiency in Buildings.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ Zelinski, Richard W.; Gatlin, Douglas R. (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Rebuild America, Washington, D.C. , 1998)
This document, written for
organizations considering investments in energy-efficient projects, provides
descriptions, definitions, and advice for implementing successful financial strategies. It
describes the energy-efficiency financing options available, including energy savings
performance contracts and state and utility incentives for financing energy-efficiency
improvements. 75p.
ERIC NO: ED425626;
Greening the Ivory Tower.
Creighton, Sarah (The MIT PRess, Cambridge, MA , 1998)
Relates actions taken by various higher education institutions that reduce the environmental impact of decisions and activities. Based on the experiences of Tufts CLEAN! program, each action is simple enough that any university community can expect to be able to accomplish it. The book begins with an overview of university functions, principles of environmental protection and change, and data gathering. It then proceeds to address activities in the areas of buildings and grounds, purchasing, dining services, academic and office activities, laboratories, and student activities. Includes 117 references. 337p.
ISBN-0-262-53151-8 TO ORDER: 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1493; Tel: 401-658-4226, Toll-free: 800-405-1619 http://mitpress.mit.edu
Green Investment, Green Return: How Practical Conservation Projects Save Millions on America's Campuses.
Eagan, David; Keniry, Julian (National Wildlife Federation, Reston, VA , 1998)
Highlights 23 cost-saving conservation initiatives at 15 public and private postsecondary institutions across the United States. Savings per project ranged from little more than $1,000 to $9 million, and the total savings across the 23 projects were $16.8 million, which represents an average of $728,500 per campus. The projects address issues of transportation, energy and water conservation, materials re-use and redistribution, composting, recycling, and management of hazardous chemicals. 77p.
TO ORDER:
National Wildlife Federation, 11100 Wildlife Center Drive. Reston, VA 20190-5362; Tel: 800-822-9919
https://m1.buysub.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay
Purchasing Energy. Managing School Facilities Guide 5.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Isbell, Paul (Department for Education and Employment,Architects and Building Branch, London, England. , 1998)
This booklet examines the purchasing choices which will be available with the introduction of full competition for all electricity and gas supplies in the United Kingdom, giving schools the chance to make significant savings on energy costs. The guide offers detailed purchasing information on such topics as tariff structures, contract energy management, the types of contract energy management available, and transportation charges. The central role of energy management is stressed, and the accounting procedures and tools required to maximize savings are described. 56p.
ERIC NO: ED453650 ; ISBN: 011-271-036-0
School District Energy Manual.
New Jersey Association of School Business Officials Facilities Committee (New Jersey Association of School Business Officials, International , 1998)
The School District Energy Program (SDEP) is designed to provide
information and/or assistance to school districts planning to implement a
comprehensive energy management program. This manual consists of 15 parts. Part I
describes SDEP; Parts II through XIV contain information that address different
aspects of School District Energy Conservation: conservation guidelines; role of
administration; data collection for energy conservation; energy management systems;
operations and maintenance for energy conservation; HVAC controls; custodians and
energy conservation; preventive maintenance; role of the teacher; transportation energy
conservation; public utilities; building life cycle cost; in-house incentives program; and
available resources. 131p.
ERIC NO: ED425614 ; ISBN-0-910170-74-6 TO ORDER: New Jersey Association of School Business Officials, 231 Crosswicks Rd., Suite 10, Bordentown, NJ 08505; Tel: 609-298-5800
Dark Campus Programs Reduce Vandalism and Save Money.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070408172635 (International Dark-Sky Association, Tucson, AZ, Dec 1997)
Article cites successful examples from Oregon, California, and Texas, of reductions in vandalism and increased energy savings when schools keep outdoor lights out at night after hours. So called 'Dark Campus' policies include hours for blackout, usually 11:00pm to 6:00am, notices to staff and students and local law enforcement that building is off-limits during those hours, signage, and blocked or reduced access to grounds at night. 2p.
Report NO: Information Sheet 54
Energy Efficiency for Florida Educational Facilities: The 1996 Energy Survey of Florida Schools, Final Report.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/FSEC-CR-1682-00/ Callahan, Michael P.; And Others (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center , 1997)
Florida completed a survey of energy use and related physical and operational
characteristics of the state's public schools. This report presents results from 1,298
surveys received (680 providing matching utility data) revealing that total energy costs
for the Florida school system totaled $205 million in 1995. Other data show that floor
area and number of students influenced energy use, schools with light colored roofs
used 7 percent less annual energy, classrooms with windows used 18 percent less
energy than those without windows, schools using predominantly packaged cooling
equipment rather than central chillers used 24 percent less energy, facilities with
ceiling fans in classrooms substantially reduced energy needs and higher cooling set
point temperatures, and schools with operable windows which could be opened for
ventilation showed 12 percent lower energy use. 34p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-951-97ERIC NO: ED428507; TO ORDER: Florida Solar Energy Center, 1670 Clearlake Rd., Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. Tel: 407-638-1011 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
Deregulation of the Electric Industry and Its Potential Benefits for School Districts.
Watkiss, Jeffrey D. (National School Boards Association, Council of School Attorneys, Alexandria, VA , Jul 1997)
An overview of recent competition in the electric-power industry at both the federal and
state levels and how this may affect school districts is offered in this article. The text identifies and
evaluates how school districts can obtain cheaper power contracts by taking advantage of
competition in the electric industry. Some of the
concerns that school districts may have about competition, which differ from the needs of large
industrial users of electricity, are examined. The progress of deregulation in the states, the
likelihood of federal legislation requiring states to open their electric markets, what competition
means for schools, and concerns when entering into a management agreement with a power
marketer are all discussed. Within
the next 5 to 7 years, customer choice should be available in almost every state. School districts
will need to forge alliances with other districts, prepare RFPs, and look into making arrangements
with power marketing companies. 7p.
ERIC NO: ED426484 ; TO ORDER: National School Boards Association, 1680 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314; Tel: 703-838-6722 http://www.nsba.org/site/index.asp
An Approach for Measuring Reductions in Operations, Maintenance, and Energy Costs: Baseline Measures of Construction Industry Practices for the National Construction Goals.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Chapman, Robert E.; Rennison, Roderick (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Applied Economics, Gaithersburg, MD , 1997)
The Construction and Building Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology
Council (NCTC) has established seven National Construction Goals. This document
provides a detailed set of baseline measures for the NCTC goal regarding reductions in
operations, maintenance, and energy costs. Following the introduction, chapter 2
introduces the National Construction Goals, describes how a well-defined set of
metrics is used to develop the baseline measures and measures of progress, and
outlines the project approach. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the construction
industry. Chapter 4 presents two data schemes from which key metrics are derived
and used to develop the baseline measures. Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 examine the
baseline measures relating to the residential, commercial/institutional, industrial, and
public works sectors respectively. Each sector is examined as to size, changes, and
key characteristics. The key operations, maintenance, and energy cost baseline
measures for each sector are summarized at the end of each chapter. 335p.
Report NO: NISTIR-6185ERIC NO: ED426581 ;
Retrofitting for Energy Conservation
Clark, William H. (McGraw Hill Text, 1997)
This manual provides the latest energy conservation techniques and codes for
remodeling and retrofitting commercial and residential buildings. Covering four main
areas of retrofitting-electrical, HVAC, architectural and controls-the author guides
readers through building plans from design to execution, explaining proven techniques
used by successful contractors, and including important details on energy-efficient
materials. 400p.
ISBN-0070119201
Energy Savings Performance Contract Case Studies.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Lefevre, Jessica S. (U.S. Dept. of Energy Washington, D.C. , 1997)
Building owners and managers can use performance-contracting Energy Service
Companies (ESCOs) to partially or fully fund building renovations that include energy
efficiency upgrades. This report provides building owners and managers with an
introduction to the energy efficiency and building upgrade services provided by ESCOs.
It uses 20 case studies to describe the types of services that ESCO provides, how
ESCO performance contracts work, and reasons that building owners and managers
choose to use ESCOs to acquire increased energy efficiency and building upgrades.
52p.
ERIC NO: ED427504 ;
The Sun's Joules: What is Renewable Energy? An Introduction to "The Sun's Joules" CD-ROM and Energy
Education Program.
Weiskopf, Joyce Lowry (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Washington, DC , 1997)
This guide accompanies a compact disk that provides a comprehensive collection of information resources. The
compact disk is organized according to energy sources and cross-referenced to issues that must be considered when making
decisions about energy. This booklet, designed around questions common to high school students, illustrates how the compact
disk can enable students to find answers to their questions and form opinions based on facts. The activities directly support the
content and pedagogy in science curricula that address the need for more students to study science and for all students to
develop scientific literacy. The six activities focus on the use of renewable resources and the effects on society. Activities are
the following: "What Is Renewable Energy?"; "Why Do We Need Options?"; "What Is Energy Efficiency?"; "What Is the
Environmental Cost of Energy?"; "How Can Passive Solar Be Used in Home Construction?"; "How Can Motor Vehicles Use
Renewable Energy?". 29p.
ERIC NO: ED421361; TO ORDER: The Learning Team, 84 Business Park Drive, Armonk, NY 10504. Tel: 800-793-8326.
Thermal Storage. A Successful Winning Option
(Johnson County Community College, Overland Park, KS , 1996)
Johnson County Community College (Overland Park, Kansas) developed a team to analyze options and develop alternatives to its growing power needs and reducing operational costs. This paper illustrates the process the team developed to create a cool thermal energy storage (TES) system in the following areas: decision process; design process; economic analysis; installation and construction; operation and maintenance; and system evaluation. Major operational benefits and projected long-term operating cost savings estimates are discussed along with results of the 2-year long-term operational analysis. 25p.
FLASTAR: Florida Alliance for Saving Taxes and Energy Resources.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/fsec-cr-916-96 Sherwin, John R.; Parker, Danny S. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , Oct 1996)
Results of a Florida Public Building Loan Concept pilot program to determine its effectiveness for helping to upgrade building energy systems. The pilot program, termed FLASTAR (Florida Alliance for Saving Taxes and Resources), involved the comprehensive metering of an elementary school to demonstrate energy savings potential after retrofitting the facility with new chillers and sensor controls for classroom and office lighting. 50p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-916-96TO ORDER: Florida Solar Energy Center, 1679 Clearlake Rd., Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. Tel: 407-638-1011 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
Design and Evaluation of Energy Efficient Modular Classroom Structures.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Brown, G. Z.; et al (American Solar Energy Society, Asheville, NC , Apr 1996)
This paper describes a study that would enable modular builders to
improve the energy performance of their classrooms without increasing
their first cost. The Modern Building Systems' classroom building
conforms to the stringent Oregon and Washington energy codes, and, at
$18 per square foot, it is at the low end of the cost range for modular
classrooms. The study investigated daylighting, cross-ventilation, solar
preheat of ventilation air, and thermal storage as ways to reduce energy
use. 7p.
ERIC NO: ED393165;
School District Energy Conservation Activities
http://nysosc3.osc.state.ny.us/audits/allaudits/093097/96j2.htm (New York State Office of the Comptroller, Division of Management Audit, Albany , 1996)
To help New York's State Department of Education assess public school districts'
energy conservation activities, the results of an audit of school districts' energy conservation
activities are presented. The audit shows that most school districts have made some efforts toward
energy conservation and that the Department does provide some assistance to the school districts
in this area. However, school districts have the opportunity to achieve significant savings by
pursuing additional energy conservation improvements, and it is recommended that the Department
of Education and the school districts work together to develop a comprehensive and coordinated
approach toward conserving energy. This objective becomes more important in light of the
Department's goal of ensuring that resources are used in ways that achieve maximum
cost-effectiveness at the State, regional, and local levels. Currently, school districts do not take an
organized structural approach toward identifying energy conservation needs, although some school
districts have attempted to improve energy conservation by entering into energy performance
contracts. Some school districts would like the Department to establish a process for sharing
energy conserving experiences and approaches among school districts, especially because
resources are limited. 63p.
Report NO: 96-J-2ERIC NO: ED418575 ;
Measured Field Performance and Energy Savings of Occupancy Sensors: Three Case Studies.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/fsec-pf-309-96 Floyd, David B.; Parker, Danny S.; Sherwin, John R. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , 1996)
This study determines the performance levels, energy savings, and occupant acceptance of occupancy sensors that were installed in a Florida small office building and two elementary schools. Performance data was collected in 15-minute intervals. Aggregate time-of-day lighting load profiles were compared before and after the installation and throughout the commissioning period when the sensors were tuned for optimum performance. Data reveal a 10 percent savings in energy usage in one of the two schools where sensors were installed in classrooms, the cafeteria, and administrative offices. Improper sensor installation, set-up, and faulty user operation inhibited energy performance in the other school. Also, sensor malfunctions adversely effected the energy savings in the office building; following their corrections, energy savings improvements were noted. All three case studies suggest that occupancy sensors can provide savings in a variety of building types. However, it is noted that savings will greatly vary due to occupancy patterns, and previous method of control and lighting load. It was determined that savings and user acceptance for areas selected for control by occupancy sensors are influenced by proper sensor selection, location, and controls commissioning. 15p.
Report NO: FSEC-PF-309-96TO ORDER: Florida Solar Energy Center, 1679 Clearlake Rd., Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. Tel: 407-638-1011 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program. 1995 Edition
http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build96/art121.html Fuller, S. K.; Petersen, S. R. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD , 1996)
Guide to understanding the life-cycle cost methodology and criteria established by the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) for the economic evaluation of energy and water conservation projects and renewable energy projects on all federal buildings. 210p.
Energy Performance of Daylit Schools in North Carolina.
http://www.innovativedesign.net/energyperformance.htm Nicklas, Michael; Bailey, Gary (North Carolina Solar Center, Raleigh, NC , 1996)
This study analyzes the energy performance and cost of daylit schools designed by Innovative Design in Johnston County, North Carolina. The analysis compares the first-year energy performances of the Clayton and Selma middle schools and the K-5 Four Oaks school with similar but non-daylit schools in the county. The two daylit middle schools were completed in the spring of 1993 and the comparison year was July of 1993 through June of 1994. The Four Oaks School was completed in August of 1990 and the first year of collected data was 1991-92.
Demonstration of Cooling Savings of Light Colored Roof Surfacing in Florida Commercial Buildings: Our Savior's School.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/fsec-cr-904-96 Parker, Danny S.; Sherwin, John R.; Sonne, Jeffrey K.; Barkaszi, Stephen, Jr. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , 1996)
A 2-year Florida study attempted to quantify air conditioning cost savings when buildings have a white reflective roof. A 10,000 square foot elementary school with a gray modified bitumen roof over plywood decking that had a solar reflectance of 23 percent was monitored for an entire year. After one year of temperature monitoring, the roof was covered with an acrylic white elastomeric coating that achieved a solar reflectance of 68 percent. Classrooms were also insulated with R-19 fiberglass batts. Data show that classroom air temperatures were significantly lower during the second year of the study compared to the first. Additionally, chiller electric power use was reduced by an average of 10 percent, totaling 13,000 kWh in annual savings. School staff also note interior comfort conditions were noticeably improved by the white roofing system. 19p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-904-96TO ORDER: Florida Solar Energy Center, 1679 Clearlake Rd., Cocoa, FL 32922-5703. Tel: 407-638-1011 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/
Passive Cooling of Buildings
Santamouris, M.; Asimakopoulos, D. (James & James Science Publishers Ltd , 1996)
With greater awareness of the need to reduce energy consumption comes a growth of interest in passive cooling, particularly as an alternative to air-conditioning. Drawing extensively on information and results compiled under the SAVE European Research Programme, this book describes the fundamentals of passive cooling together with the principles and formulae necessary for its successful implementation. This publication will be of interest to building designers, building engineers including mechanical and electrical engineers, building scientists, especially those involved with building physics, and indoor air specialists.
484p.
ISBN: 1873936478
Energy Efficiency Technology Demonstration Project for Florida Educational Facilities: Occupancy Sensors.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/fsec-cr-867-95 Floyd, David B.; Parker, Danny S.; McIlvaine, Janet E. R.; Sherwin, John R. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , Dec 1995)
This report describe a Florida study replacing conventional light switches with passive infrared or ultrasonic sensing systems to control classroom lighting in an elementary school to determine the performance of such controls in saving energy. A before-and-after monitoring protocol was used for 33 classrooms and 7 offices in which electrical demand data were collected. Data comparing pre- and post-retrofit periods show sensors achieved an average of 10 percent savings with greater reductions to total energy due to reduced load on the air conditioning system. It is noted that the school already had considerable energy efficient use of lighting as well as having a T8 system, so the benefits are considered to be the minimum a facility can expect to achieve through sensor use. Including costs of installation and commissioning, the payback of the occupancy sensor retrofit was 5 years with a 21 percent simple rate of return from the investment. 25p.
Report NO: FSEC-CR-867-95
Field Commissioning of a Daylight-Dimming Lighting System.
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/fsec-pf-283-95 Floyd, David B.; Parker, Danny S. (University of Central Florida, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa , Jun 19, 1995)
A Florida elementary school cafeteria, retrofitted with a fluorescent lighting system that dims in response to available daylight, was evaluated through real time measurement of lighting and air conditioning power, work plane illumination, and interior/exterior site conditions. The new system produced a 27 percent reduction in lighting power due to dimming. Lower than expected dimming system performance was observed prior to effective commissioning. Difficulties encountered are discussed, as are recommendations for performance improvements. 9p.
Report NO: FSEC-PF-283-95
Environmental Assessment and FONSI for the Bison School District Heating Plant Project (Institutional Conservation Program (ICP)).
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Department of Energy, Washington, DC , 1995)
A paper examines the environmental impacts of replacing the Bison, South Dakota School District's elementary and high school heating system consisting of oil-fired boilers and supporting electrical components with a new coal-fired boiler and supporting control system piping. Various alternative systems are also examined, including purchasing a newer, high efficiency oil-fired boiler; and using natural gas, propane, or electric heating. A description of the affected environment is provided followed by a discussion of the environmental effects of the proposed action. Environmental areas examined include air and water quality, waste management, land use, visual and recreational resources, socioeconomics, noise, safety and health, and transportation. An appendix provides various maps, letters from South Dakota environmental agencies, and data on air emissions from the school's present and proposed boilers. 13p.
ERIC NO: ED438695 ;
Ecodemia: Campus Environmental Stewardship at the Turn of the 21st Century.
Keniry, Julian (National Wildlife Federation, Reston, VA , 1995)
Documents environmentally friendly campus facility management innovations based on interviews with the people behind the green practices. The book includes a portrait of environmental responsibility as envisioned and practiced by colleges and universities nationwide, chapters on facets of campus operations, including procurement, dining services, landscaping, and energy; case studies and individual profiles of administrators, staff, faculty, and students who have transformed their own work and changed their institutions; project histories, including pitfalls to avoid, as well as steps to success; quotes that reveal the nuts and bolts of campus change and show how environmental careers are really made; and examples that debunk the myth of stodgy administrators behind closed doors and show how students, faculty, and staff are working together. Includes 37 references. 222p.
ISBN-0-945051-57-3 TO ORDER: National Wildlife Federation, 11100 Wildlife Center Drive. Reston, VA 20190-5362; Tel: 800-822-9919 https://m1.buysub.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay
Passive Solar Schools: A Design Guide.
Architects and Building Division (Department for Education, London, England , 1994)
Solar energy is gaining increasing interest in the United Kingdom due to it being a
renewable, non-polluting source for heating and lighting schools. This book describes
the principles and practice of passive solar design in new and refurbished schools,
offers advice on how to approach passive solar design, and provides some design
recommendations. Chapters introduce the main passive solar features and how they
are incorporated into designs, provide economic and energy appraisal data, and
include case studies of 17 schools selected out of 40 investigated for design
excellence. 99p.
Report NO: DFE-BB-79ISBN-0-11-270876-5 TO ORDER: The Stationery Office Publications Centre, PO Box 29 Norwich NR3 1GN, UK http://www.tso.co.uk
Energy Conservation Manual for School Food Service Managers.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Messersmith, Ann M.; Wheeler, George; Rousso, Victoria (National Food Service Management Institute, The University of Mississippi, University, MS , 1994)
Energy cost
management is important in all school food service operations, particularly at times
when rising energy costs threaten budgets. This document, designed as a reference
manual on energy, provides information about monitoring energy use and developing
energy improvement and conservation plans at two levels of school food service
production and service: non-technical and low cost enhancements; and capital
investment and systems changes. It provides food managers with help in tracking and
organizing energy use from utility bills, estimating energy use, and making operational
decisions that will lead to a cost effective operation. 68p.
ERIC NO: ED429429; TO ORDER: National Food Service Management Institute, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Drawer 188, University, MS 38677; Toll Free: 800-321-3054 http://www.nfsmi.org
Environmental Assessment and (FONSI) Winnett School District Boiler Replacement Project.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Department of Energy, Washington, DC. , 1993)
An analysis is presented of the environmental impacts of replacing the Winnett School District's existing oil-fired heating system with a new coal-fired heating system with funds provided from a grant under the Institutional Conservation Program. The report first covers the background and need for action, along with the alternative actions considered. This is followed by a description of the existing environment, including the air and water quality, ecological resources, floodplains and wetlands, land use, visual and recreational resources, and historic and archaeological resources. Next, the environmental effects of the proposed action on these areas are addressed, including noise, safety and health, and transportation. 41p.
Report NO: DOE/EA-0923ERIC NO: ED438697 ;
Saving Energy. Managing School Facilities Guide 3.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Department for Education and Employment, Architects and Building Branch. London, England , 1993)
This guide offers information on how schools can implement an energy saving action plan to reduce their energy costs. Various low- cost energy-saving measures are recommended covering heating levels and heating systems, electricity demand reduction and lighting, ventilation, hot water usage, and swimming pool energy management. Additional recommendations on maintenance solutions to preventing energy waste are highlighted as are advice on education and training, and energy conservation when subletting school facilities. A management action plan checklist is included. 23p.
ERIC NO: ED453648 ; ISBN-0-11-270880-3X
Marketing Energy Patrol: Tips from Arizona Energy Pros.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ (Arizona State Dept. of Commerce Energy Office, Phoenix, AZ , 1992)
This pamphlet contains several ideas that have worked for others and may be helpful in
starting a new Energy Patrol school program. The program has four main goals: (1) to
teach energy conservation; (2) to reduce energy consumption; (3) to reduce the
taxpayer's burden; and (4) to encourage site-based monitoring of energy use. The
document contains sections on: (1) generating interest in energy consumption; (2)
introducing the program; (3) providing incentives; (4) keeping motivation high; (5)
getting school board approval; and (6) tracking results. 16p.
ERIC NO: ED381377;
A Guide to Energy Efficient Refurbishment. Maintenance and Renewal in Educational Buildings. Building Bulletin 73.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ Hampton, D.; And Others (Department of Education and Science, Architects and Building Branch, London, England , 1991)
With little or relatively modest investment, schools being refurbished or undergoing maintenance can make disproportionately large gains in energy efficiency that can also result in large financial savings. This document offers guidance, depending on the type of building, method of construction, and physical condition of the facility, on the selection of appropriate measures that can improve a facility's energy efficiency. It provides technical descriptions of the most commonly used measures, followed by examples of a combination of measures as applied to older, heavily constructed buildings and more recently built schools. It describes proven energy efficiency measures undertaken during school refurbishment along with case studies that illustrate the effectiveness of these measures. The case studies include details on economic performance together with descriptions of other benefits not readily expressed in monetary terms, such as improved comfort.
ERIC NO: ED431301 ; ISBN-011-270772-6
Low-Tech Energy Conservation for Schools.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ Stein, Benjamin (American Institute of Architects, Washington, DC , 1989)
This guide addresses methods of energy conservation in school buildings using simple design, construction, and equipment-control technology so that trained and creative people can take over functions normally done by machinery and automated controls. A general discussion first covers energy consumption problem areas in educational facilities, followed by interior space utilization needs and use of manual climate control. Various ways of reducing energy load are examined, including building and classroom orientation, proper insulation and ventilation in roofs, as well as interior spaces, and the type of heating system used. 17p.
ERIC NO: ED437807 ;
Energy Conscious Design: Educational Facilities.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Lawrence, Jerry; Bates, Elliott; Stein, Ben; Kuhl, Garrett; Hill, Alva (American Inst. of Architects, Washington, DC. , 1983)
An energy task group of the American Institute of Architect's discusses design features and options that educational facility designers can use to create an energy efficient school building. Design elements examined cover the building envelope, energy storage system, hydronic heating/cooling systems, solar energy collection, building orientation and shape, on-site well with heat pump system, and waste water heat reclamation system. Additional considerations examine design temperature adjustments and natural ventilation such as use of wide band thermostats, lighting reduction, unoccupied space shutoff, and skylights. Final comments address central monitoring equipment, use of double doors on main entrances, the benefits of underground buildings, use of wind generation to facility power needs, low temperature room placement on the building's cold side to conserve heating needs, flow restrictors on water sources, greenhouse use, and use of extract-air windows. 23p.
ERIC NO: ED437805;
How Schools Can Control the Increasing Cost of Energy.
Levy, Hans (Consolidated/Drake Press, Philadelphia, PA , 1978)
Outlines the present use of energy in schools, what forms of energy will be available in the foreseeable future, how energy is presently wasted in educational facilities, and how energy can be conserved now and in the future. The school administrator can control the energy consumption in his schools and this consumption can be reduced by a large amount if the principle of time/space control of the heating and air conditioning system is understood. The major factor in energy consumption in any school building is the occupancy pattern of the building. To conserve energy in school facilities, survey structural points through which energy may be escaping, and install appropriate insulation; evaluate the efficiency of even recently installed central HVAC systems; and, above all, establish the occupancy pattern of the building in order to implement selective control. 67p.
ERIC NO: ED163642;
Profiles of Significant Schools: Rich Township High School, Olympia Fields Campus, Rich Township, Illinois.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.1416.pdf Clinchy, Evans (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , May 1960)
Profiles a high school designed to accommodate the organization of teachers into teams working with student groups of varying sizes--this organization is housed in a compact building with the teaching teams centered in clusters of classrooms. The building is heated in winter and cooled in summer by a heat pump system. The description emphasizes why the school was designed as it was and how it was designed and built. Schematics and photographs are included along with an evaluation of the school in relation to the program for which it was planned. 30p.
ERIC NO: ED031872;
LEED 2009: Impact on Operations and Maintenance.http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/What-are-the-Changes-in-LEED-2009--10894 Dowrey, Gordon Maintenance Solutions; v17 n6 , p6,7 ; Jun 2009
Discusses how the LEED v3 rating system will affect building operations and maintenance. The three enhancements detailed are harmonizing prerequisites and credits for increased consistency, adjusting credit weightings based on their impact on human and environmental health concerns, and prioritizing select credit weightings to address regional environmental issues. Advice on assembling a LEED certification team is included.
Toughening up the Energy Code. [A Preview of ASHRAE 90.1-2010.]http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/ASHRAE-Expected-To-Toughen-HVAC- Lighting-And-Exterior-Requirements-In-2010-Version-Of-901--10879 Silverstien, Andrew Building Operating Management; v56 n6 , p47,48,51-53 ; Jun 2009
Previews the elements of the next revision of this ASHRAE standard, which will improve minimum prescriptive energy efficiency targets by 30 percent over the 2004 edition. The standard covers a variety of HVAC details, as well as lighting and daylighting design.
Energy Opportunities up on the Roof. [Energy Efficient Roofing Metrics.]http://www.facilitiesnet.com/roofing/article/Cool-Roofs-Reflectivity-Matters--10863 Warweck, Karen Building Operating Management; v56 n6 , p37,38,40 ; Jun 2009
Discusses reflectivity, emissivity, and thermal conductance in roofing materials, noting how these factors interact with climate to impact the energy use of a building.
Efficiency Goals.http://asumag.com/energy/lighting/save-energy-lighting-choices-200905/ Graham, Donald American School and University; v81 n10 , p32-35 ; May 2009
Advises on energy-efficient lighting for schools, emphasizing daylighting, advanced lighting controls, dimming ballasts, and T-5 lamps.
The Enforcement of ASHRAE Standard 90.1.Handwork, David Facilities Manager; v25 n3 , p14-16 ; May 2009
Discusses the evolution of energy efficiency standard for buildings, as it found its way into building codes and affected building envelopes, windows, lighting, and HVAC systems. The article laments that lack of enforcement of this standard in higher education educational facilities, predicts improvement, as federal funding will be linked to meeting or exceeding the standard.
Performance Contract Saves Energy and Money.http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2200 Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v48 n5 , p26,28,30,31 ; May 2009
Uses the Metro Nashville Public Schools' experience with an energy performance contract to illustrate savings realized in energy and water usage through updated fixtures and equipment. The energy auditing process, funding, and phasing of the improvements are discussed.
Using Time-of-Day Scheduling to Save Energy.Murphy, John; Maldeis, Neil ASHRAE Journal; v51 n5 , p42-44,46,48 ; May 2009
Discusses combinations of timers and occupancy sensors to accomplish HVAC reductions in times of low or no building occupancy. A school system that reduced energy consumption by 23 percent is cited as an example. Proper timing of setbacks, override strategies, and demand-controlled ventilation are discussed. Includes five references.
Lessons Learned in Portable Classrooms.Thomas-Rees, Stephanie; Parker, Danny ASHRAE Journal; v51 n5 , p30-32,34-36,38-41 ; May 2009
Details the results of side-by-side studies of traditional and newer modular classroom units, with the latter being designed to use less energy, deliver improved indoor air quality, and have more daylighting. The study was conducted at elementary and high school sites in New York, Florida, and North Carolina. The study revealed minimal savings realized in lighting costs, but a 36, 46, and 81 percent savings in heating and cooling costs realized in New York, North Carolina, and Florida, respectively. Includes 13 references.
No Money for Upgrades? An Energy Performance Contract May Be the Answer. [Making ESCO's Pay.]http://www.facilitiesnet.com/energyefficiency/article/Making-ESCOs-Pay--10826 Zimmerman, Greg Building Operating Management; v56 n5 , p16,18 ; May 2009
Discusses how to benefit from a performance contract with energy services company (ESCO). Selecting the right company, ensuring that savings are guaranteed, and picking the right projects are addressed.
Rutgers University Relies on the Sun.
College Planning and Management; v12 n4 , p78-80 ; Apr 2009
Profiles a solar energy facility at Rutgers University's Livingston Campus. The $10-million investment is expected to net a profit of $6.6 million in 15 years, through sale of surplus electricity. Other sustainability efforts at the school include stormwater retention, reduction of surface parking, lighting replacement, and increased recycling.
Sustainable Facilities: Strategies for Today's Economy.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2181 Damon, David College Planning and Management; v12 n4 , p28,30,32,34,36 ; Apr 2009
Advises on engaging in and funding sustainability initiatives on higher education campuses. Programs that are eligible for federal support are described, with an emphasis on those that conserve energy or generate energy from alternative and renewable sources. Examples of sustainable building initiatives are also included, along with a review of LEED certification of higher education buildings.
A Clear View.http://asumag.com/daylighting/window-film-reduces-energy-use-200904/ Giblin, Kathryn American School and University; v81 n9 , p36-38 ; Apr 2009
Discusses advantages of window film to school energy savings, how glass transfers heat, and how to select the right type of film for the type of windows being considered.
2,000-Year-Old Lesson.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2192 Gisolfi, Peter School Planning and Management; v48 n4 , p60,62,64-66,68 ; Apr 2009
Discusses passive solar strategies for school buildings. Examples of passive solar heating from indigenous architecture are cited, as are more recent sun-oriented structures. Similarities among the buildings in materials use, orientation, and ventilation are noted. Ideal orientation of school buildings to take advantage of the sun and be protected from winds, as well as preferable interior arrangements to distribute the solar benefit are discussed.
Optimizing Openings: The Basics of Energy-Efficient Doorways.
Matheny, Sandra The Construction Specifier; v62 n4 , p82-86 ; Apr 2009
Discusses optimization of the thermal performance of doors, including thermal break frames, insulated doors, gasketing, door closers, and revolving doors.
Air Out, Energy Efficiency In.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2196 Morrone, Ralph College Planning and Management; v12 n4 , p72-76 ; Apr 2009
Explains how Youngstown State University improved chiller efficiency with coalescing separators that remove up to 99.6 of air from the water flow.
Taming the Beast: Making Data Centers More Energy Efficient.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2183 Parker, Matthew College Planning and Management; v12 n4 , p68-71 ; Apr 2009
Advises on creating more energy-efficient data centers. Arranging equipment to maximize shelf use and reduce mixing of waste heat with cooled air, reuse of waste heat, combining underutilized servers, and recycling of equipment are addressed.
LED's: DOE Programs Add Credibility to a Developing Technology.
Conbere, Susan Facilities Manager; v25 n2 , p50-54 ; Mar-Apr 2009
Explores light-emitting diode (LED) technology, maintainability, and its potential for durability and efficiency. Early opinions have been mixed, as some LED products do not perform as promised. Also, with the rapid evolution of this technology, building owners are cautious about installing technology that will soon be obsolete. While LED fixtures are typically longer-lasting and consume less energy, they are still relatively expensive to buy.
Let the Numbers Do the Talking. [ENERGY STAR Reduces Facility Energy Use by Improving Communication.]
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/educationalfacilities/article/Educational-Facilities-And-ENE RGY- STAR--10684 Lorenz, Brandon Building Operating Management; v53 n3 , p47,48,50,52,54 ; Mar 2009
Describes the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Star program and how it can be deployed to save energy in buildings. Examples of how school system have benefitted from the program are included.
Energy Efficiency: More Than a Simple Black and White Issue.http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/maintenance1-0409.html Matter, Tony American School and Hospital Facility; v32 n2 , p6-9 ; Mar-Apr 2009
Explains how dark-colored roof membranes may be more beneficial to energy savings than light-colored ones when used in cooler climates. While most environmental building rating schemes promote reflective roofing, the case of the West Virginia School Building Authority is offered to demonstrate how dark roofs may be preferable. Problems with condensation can also occur with light roofs installed in cold climates.
The Drive for Energy Efficiency.
Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v17 n3 , p14 ; Mar 2009
Discusses the use of variable-frequency drives (VFD s) in HVAC systems to reduce energy use during off-peak demand. Early defects of VFD s that are now remedied are discussed, as are facility applications and additional benefits to reduced maintenance and longer motor life.
Innovative Strategies are Critical in University Settings.http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/maintenance2-0409.html Sanders, Rowan American School and Hospital Facility; v32 n2 , p10-13 ; Mar-Apr 2009
Discusses district energy and cogeneration programs that save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The program at Boston's Emerson College is detailed as an example.
Carbon Emissions Trading and Combined Heat and Power Strategies: Unintended Consequences.
Tysseling, John; Vosevich, Mary; Boersma, Benjamin; Zumwalt, Jeffrey Facilities Manager; v25 n2 , p38-43 ; Mar-Apr 2009
Discusses the potential economic consequences of cap-and-trade programs in a combined heat and power (CHP) environment. The University of New Mexico facilities operations program serves as an example of how significant start-up costs can be and how onsite emissions can increase under these schemes. Purchase of carbon offset credits may be required as a result. Includes three references.
Big Costs, Little Cash for Energy Efficiency.
Carlson, Scott The Chronicle of Higher Education; v55 n22 , pA1,A14-A16 ; Feb 06, 2009
Discusses Utica College's quest to save energy, along with their inability to fund the improvements needed to make it happen. Highlights of an energy audit and potential performance contract are included, but the performance contract was not executed due to the economic downturn and lower energy prices. A successful partnership with a local hospital to create an electrical generation plant is also described.
Filter Facts: Improving IAQ, Lowering Energy Costs.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/iaq/article/Air-Filters-Determine-Efficiency-Resistance-To- Airflow-and-DustHolding-Capacity--10586 Banse, J. Patrick Maintenance Solutions; v17 n2 , p19 ; Feb 2009
Discusses characteristics and types of HVAC air filters, making recommendations on proper selection, maintenance, and replacement of filters.
Thinking Inside the Box.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/datacenters/article/To-Trim-Data-Center-Energy-Costs-Disconnect-Unused-Servers--10610 Brill, Kenneth Building Operating Management; v56 n2 , p66-68 ; Feb 2009
Advises on cutting data center energy use by replacing and then removing old servers, rather than just adding on to them, investing in energy-efficient hardware, and running multiple applications on one server.
Energy Goes to School.http://www.edcmag.com/Articles/Article_Rotation/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000514611 Detering, Paul Environmental Design and Construction; v12 n2 , p38,40 ; Feb 2009
Profiles the photovoltaic system at the Athenian School in Danville, California. The design and manner in which it was installed at no cost to the school are described.
Got an Energy Hog?
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/datacenters/article/Ten-Tips-To-Make-A-Legacy-Data-Center-More-Energy-Efficient--10606 Hassen, Marcus Building Operating Management; v56 n2 , p59,60,62,64 ; Feb 2009
Advises on improving the energy efficiency of data centers, including maintenance of underfloor pressure, proper implementation of cold and hot aisles, updating HVAC systems, strategic location of thermostats, consideration of energy efficiency in IT equipment decisions, and updating of inefficient lighting.
How to Cut Energy Use and Get Paid for It.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=8021 Madsen, Jane Buildings; v103 n2 , p36-38 ; Feb 2009
Suggests demand-response systems in which educational institutions can participate to lower energy costs. In these programs, the institution receives rebates or discounts for curtailing energy use during peak demand. Descriptions of what a demand-response contract may contain, and responsibilities of the institution and the energy provider are discussed. An example from the University of Mississippi is included.
Lighting the Way.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2117 Orth, Kevin School Planning and Management; v48 n2 , p22,24,26,27 ; Feb 2009
Advocates for the use of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting in schools, with general lighting applications made possible by recent technological advances. The advantages of LED to energy consumption, lamp life, visibility of the light, color rendering, are discussed, and advice on replacing standard fixtures with LED is offered.
Documenting Performance: Does it Need to Be So Hard?
http://www.hpbmagazine.org/images/stories/articles/Hinge.pdf Hinge, Adam; Winston, Donald High Performing Buildings; , p18-23 ; Winter 2009
Discusses the difficulty of assessing energy performance of green buildings, particularly in cases when the pursuit of LEED certification generated high expectations, when the buildings are part of a multi-building campus, or when metering is divided between portions of a buildings. Includes four references.
Underfloor Air Distribution 101.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=6838 Teplitsky, Alex; Stoehr, Todd Buildings; v103 n1 , p44,45 ; Jan 2009
Describes underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, created under raised floors that also provide space for most other types of service distribution systems. Pressurized and zero-pressure floors are described, as are opportunities for energy savings and improved occupant comfort.
An Education in Sustainability.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/maintenancemanagement/article/Managers-Generate-Funding-for-Capital-Projects--10218 Matt, Chris Maintenance Solutions; v16 n12 , p6,7 ; Dec 2008
Discusses Stanford University's evolution from a campus-wide energy saving retrofit program, to customized efforts concentrated on the institutions 12 most energy-intensive buildings. These include laboratories, a museum, and a mixed-use building that constitute 33 percent of campus electricity use. Approaches to particular ventilation and environmental requirements are described.
Energy Efficient Roofs.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=2035 Matter, Tony School Planning and Management; v47 n12 , p40-43 ; Dec 2008
Questions the rush to light-colored, reflective roofs on schools, as most schools spend more on heating than cooling. Evidence of their ineffectiveness in northern locations, as well as a description of the type of insulation layering that should be included in school roofs is included.
Geothermal Energy: Tapping the Potential.
http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/FM111208featureJohnson.pdf Johnson, Bill Facilities Manager; v24 n6 , p14-18 ; Nov-Dec 2008
Reviews the state-of-the-practice and the kinds of engineering and programmatic expertise that are required to properly scale geothermal applications up to the institutional level and provide optimized benefits. Some pitfalls of poorly-designed systems are described, and approaches to avoid these are presented.
Hawaii Schools See Green.
Jacobson, Linda Education Week; v28 n10 , p21-23 ; Oct 2008
Discusses how Hawaii's schools are given rebates of money saved on their energy bills, are turning to renewable energy sources, and avoiding air conditioning.
GoinGreen.
http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2008/10/20/02green.h02.html?print=1 Davis, Michelle Education Week Digital Directions; Oct 2008
Briefly profiles sustainability efforts in schools, including recycling computers, centralized hibernation commands to computers, sophisticated HVAC systems that adjust to outdoor temperature and room occupancy, rainwater collection, and lighting that adjusts to ambient daylighting.
There's Much More to Saving Energy.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1963 Larson, Peter School Planning and Management; v47 n10 , p26,28,30,32 ; Oct 2008
Advises on incorporating energy-saving strategies in new school buildings before they are built. Resources for energy-saving information are cited, and the difference between passive and active strategies explained. Use of energy from renewable resources is also emphasized.
Generating Savings from Energy Use.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=9811 Livengood, Greg; Stavig, Mark Maintenance Solutions; v16 n10 , p18,20 ; Oct 2008
Discusses energy savings that can be realized through energy audits of buildings. Components of a third-party audit are discussed, as are levels of auditing that reveal varying degrees of data. Follow-up steps and common mistakes with audits are also addressed.
Game On!
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1955 Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v11 n10 , p38,40,42 ; Oct 2008
Describes endeavors at the University of Florida, Oberlin, and Duke University to increase recycling and save energy through dorm-to-dorm competitions that sometimes offer cash incentives.
ASHRAE 90.1 Helps University Bioprocessing Lab Achieve LEED Credit EA-1.
http://e-ditionsbyfry.com/Olive/AM3/LDN/Default.htm?href=LDN/2008/10/01&pageno =11&view=document Serruto, Thomas; Thompson, Dean Laboratory Design; v13 n10 , p9,10,12 ; Oct 2008
Discusses design measures used to meet LEED standards by incorporating changes to ASHRAE 90.1, the energy conservation code addressing energy use in laboratories, in the University of Illinois Integrated Bioprocessing Research Laboratory (IBRL). The use of building information modeling (BIM) for energy use simulation is also addressed.
Motors: Defining and Improving Energy.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=9591 Maintenance Solutions; v16 n9 , p14,15 ; Sep 2008
Defines what constitutes an energy-efficient motor, discusses what energy cost savings might be realized by using them, and advises on assessing motors for efficiency and replacement, as well as on how to prevent motor failure.
Lighting: Five Steps to Savings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=9607 DiLouie, Craig Maintenance Solutions; v16 n9 , p22,23 ; Sep 2008
Advises on specification and installation of appropriate occupancy sensors for lighting control. Choosing the right technology, selecting a coverage pattern, planning the layout, specifying the sensors, installing, and commissioning are addressed.
A Science Building that Goes Easy on Energy.
http://www.djc.com/news/co/11203990.html Mason, Craig; Johnson, Lisa Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce; Aug 28, 2008
Profiles the Marve Nelson Science Learning Center at Washington's Green River Community College. The building features stacked labs that minimize the footprint and maximizes sharing of systems.
Seeing Clearly.
http://www2.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1907 Kollie, Ellen College Planning and Management; v11 n8 , p28,30,32 ; Aug 2008
Advises on specifying energy-efficient windows and glass-paneled doors. Definitions and descriptions of window and door parts are included.
Rating Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Laboratories.
http://e-ditionsbyfry.com/ActiveMagazine/getBook.asp?Path=LDN/2008/08/01&BookCo llection=LDN&ReaderStyle=WithPDF&Page=11 Mathew, Paul Laboratory Design; v13 n8 , p9-12 ; Aug 2008
Provides guidance on how to use the Labs21 benchmarking tool in the pursuit of LEED Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance (LEED-EB) certification. Three procedural options are detailed.
Closing the Seal on Buildings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=9428 Seaverson, Eric Maintenance Solutions; v16 n8 , p28,29 ; Aug 2008
Discusses typical sources of air leaks in buildings, problems that can be caused by the moisture it carries into exterior components, particular problems caused by leaking roofs, and design and replacement options that help seal a building's exterior.
Boiler Retrofits Help Increase Efficiency, Lower Energy Bills.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1903 Willems, Dan School Planning and Management; v47 n8 , p38,40,41 ; Aug 2008
Reviews the school boiler retrofitting process, including locating the inefficiency in the entire system, consideration of boiler control replacement, incorporation of heat recovery, environmentally friendly burners, and alternative funding strategies.
The Smart Approach.(Energy Smart Schools Save Money.)
http://www.asbj.com/MainMenuCategory/Archive/2008/July/EnergySmartSchoolsSave Money.aspx Appel, Margo American School Board Journal; v195 n7 , p34,35 ; Jul 2008
Reviews the benefits of building high performance schools, emphasizing justification of the up-front-costs through a life-cycle cost analysis. Enabling incentive programs and creative financing are also covered.
Getting the Most from Your Energy Dollar: The High-Performance School.
Crawley, Drury School Business Affairs; v74 n7 , p31-33 ; Jul-Aug 2008
Discusses the lowering costs of building energy-efficient schools, which now can cost no more to build than traditional schools. The key is coordinated design, with all members of the design and construction team being focused on energy efficiency and systems being created that are compatible and right-sized to each other.
Lighting Controls: The Next Frontier in Energy Savings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=9151 DiLouie, Craig Maintenance Solutions; v16 n7 , p12,13 ; Jul 2008
Discusses components of energy saving lighting controls, including intelligent relay panels, occupancy sensors, photosensors, dimming ballasts, and personal control devices.
Lighting the Way to Energy Efficiency.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1868 Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v47 n7 , p26,28 ; Jul 2008
Advises on reduction of school electricity costs through an audit of the lighting that identifies inefficient fixtures and bulbs, as well as unnecessary lighting in some places. An example from Wisconsin's Eau Claire Area School District illustrates the process.
Eight Energy Benchmarking Hurdles (and How to Get over Them).
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=6208 Garris, Leah Buildings; v102 n7 , p56-61 ; Jul 2008
Discusses overcoming these obstacles to energy benchmarking: 1) Upper management does not understand it enough to support it. 2) The motivation for the benchmarking is unclear. 3) One does not know what to benchmark against. 4) One does not know what data is needed. 5) One does not know what features to look for in a benchmarking tool. 6) One does not know what to do with the data. 7) Numbers can be misleading. 8) One does not know exactly what energy uses to benchmark.
Energy: The Green Remedy for Today's School Districts.
Hallberg, Joseph School Business Affairs; v74 n7 , p28-30 ; Jul-Aug 2008
Reviews no- and low-cost strategies for saving energy in school systems. These emphasize programs to turn off unnecessary lighting and equipment, with the extra benefit that students learn the value of conservation in real dollars saved by the school system.
Powering Up with Power Purchasing Agreements.
Roper, Preston School Business Affairs; v74 n7 , p34,36 ; Jul-Aug 2008
Discusses the use of power purchasing agreements for energy enhancements at schools. Under these agreements, and outside provider installs a source for alternative energy (wind or solar) on the campus, and then sells the resulting power to the school at a discount.
Sustainability and Energy Management.
http://www.universitybusiness.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=1077 University Business; v11 n6 , p71-77 ; Jun 2008
Profiles the efforts of several higher education higher education institutions to achieve LEED certification and carbon neutrality. Electric vehicle sharing, energy tracking, water conservation, and photovoltaics are considered.
Naturally Cool Enclosure.
http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6570756.html Barista, Dave Building Design and Construction; v49 n8 , p51,52,54,56,58 ; Jun 2008
Profiles Loyola University Chicago's glass-clad digital library, which preserved expansive views of adjacent lake Michigan with a relatively transparent structure. The challenge of heating and cooling such a building was met with a sophisticated combination of passive climate control, natural ventilation, and mechanical heating and cooling.
Cutting Costs from the Inside Out.
http://www.districtadministration.com/VIEWARTICLE.ASPX?ARTICLEID=1609 Dessoff, Alan District Administration; v44n7 , p36-40,42,43 ; Jun 2008
Highlights cost-effective solutions to school building energy use and maintenance problems, including roofing, flooring, carpeting, solar power, artificial turf, doors, and occupancy sensors.
Four Alternative to Traditional HVAC.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=5948 Garris, Leah Buildings; v102, n6 , p110-114,116 ; Jun 2008
As cost-saving alternatives to traditional HVAC, this article describes chilled beam, geothermal, night-sky cooling, and thermal energy storage systems.
Sustainable Outdoor Lighting.
Preston, George The Construction Specifier; v 61 n6 , p102-109 ; Jun 2008
Details elements of sustainable outdoor lighting, including efficient sources of light, energy-effective light application, and environmentally responsible suppliers. Types of bulbs, price comparisons, proper focus of the illumination, and items to check when evaluating a supplier are addressed.
Fast Payback.
http://asumag.com/dayenergy/university_fast_payback/ Simon, David American School and University; v80 n11 , p27-30 ; Jun 2008
Reviews easy-to-find energy savings from converting school lighting to fluorescents and then properly tuning them. Regulating motors with variable frequency drives or capacitators is also addressed.
Why You May Not Get the Savings You Expect from Your Electricity Saving Project.
Grover, Paul Facilities Manager; v24 n3 , p52-55 ; May-Jun 2008
Advises on how to accurately calculate potential energy savings when replacing building systems. Formulas for calculating in times of rising electrical rates, or for rates that vary are included.
How High Performance, Energy-Saving Glass and LEED Can Maximize the Potential of Green.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/green1-0608.html Lang, Bruce American School and Hospital Facility; v31 n3 , p10,12,13 ; May-Jun 2008
Reviews major points of the LEED system that contribute to coordinated building design, including prioritizing decisions and accepting trade-offs. Options for improved energy performance of glass are emphasized.
Going Green: Environmentally Friendly Schools Pay Off.
http://www.csba.org/NewsAndMedia/Publications/CASchoolsMagazine/2008/Spring/InT hisIssue/GreenSchools.aspx Lafee, Scott California Schools Magazine; Apr 10, 2008
Describes California's Inderkum High School, its geothermal HVAC system, and the savings anticipated from the system. The rapid spread of high performance schools in California and the role of the Collaborative for High Performance Schools is also discussed.
Greening Middlebury College.
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1796 Brown, Robert; Viccica, Paul College Planning and Management; v11 n4 , p80-85 ; Apr 2008
Reviews highlights of sustainable building and campus management practices at this institution, focusing on the features of a new library addition and a power plant that will run on wood chips.
Call to Action.
Craig, Charles; Kennedy, Bob American School and University; v80 n8 , p46-49 ; Apr 2008
Reviews ten steps of a campus energy master plan, taking the user through auditing and benchmarking of existing conditions, retro-commisioning, determining upgrades and renovations, evaluation and procurement of renewable or alternative energy sources, and evaluation and communication of the results.
Energy Management: A Strategy for HVAC Savings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=8594 Crow, Carl Maintenance Solutions; v16 n4 , p10,12 ; Apr 2008
Describes retro-commissioning of buildings for energy efficiency. Typical elements for scrutiny include lighting controls, HVAC systems, and the building envelope.
Sunny Future.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1779 Hall, Mike School Planning and Management; v47 n4 , p88-90 ; Apr 2008
Discusses incentives for schools to incorporate solar and other forms of renewable energy into their facilities. These include energy savings, grants, and other forms of financial assistance. Two California case studies are included.
How Performance Contracting Helps Finance Energy Projects.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=5836 Hansen, Shirley Buildings; v102 n4 , p72,74 ; Apr 2008
Reviews typical features and services available in performance contracts for energy savings, along with their advantages, benefits, and advice on selecting and working with an energy service company.
It's Not Easy Being Green.
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1798 Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v11 n4 , p38,40,42 ; Apr 2008
Describes ways to "recommission" existing higher education buildings for energy and water savings.
Energy Efficiency Pays.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1768 Moore, Deb School Planning and Management; v47 n4 , p10 ; Apr 2008
Outlines justifications for building an energy-efficient, high-performance school, including the rising cost of energy, healthier school environment, setting an example for the community, and teaching students about conservation.
From Waste to Energy.
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1794 Rhodes, Kevin College Planning and Management; v11 n4 , p76-79 ; Apr 2008
Discusses opportunities for generating energy for campuses using materials previously considered waste. These included wood chips, plant parts, chicken litter, and sewage sludge. Processes for biomass gassification are described, as a pros and cons of these endeavors in an academic setting.
Environmental Education.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/article.aspx?articleid=1749&zoneid=9 Steinbach, Paul Athletic Business; v32 n4 , p38-4,42,44,46,48 ; Apr 2008
Reviews strategies that higher education institutions are using to lower energy consumption and improve the environment in their recreation centers. These include solar hot water, "green" cleaning, recycling, and reduction in the use of disposable products.
Solar Shading=Energy Savings.
Collins, Heather Facility Management Journal; v18 n2 , p58-61 ; Mar-Apr 2008
Reviews types and properties of woven metal solar shading for building exteriors, citing examples of savings realized in facilities where they were installed, and advising on how to select a product.
Into the Light.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/Media/PublicationsIssue/SCNMA08.pdf Crawford, Matthew School Construction News; v11 n2 , p16 ; Mar-Apr 2008
Discusses the advantage of solar power for schools, where it will yield an educational benefit as well as lower energy costs. Types of solar panels and challenges to installing solar are also addressed.
Taking Initiative.
http://asumag.com/green/taking_initiative_appa_universities/ Hamann, Ann American School and University; v80 n7 , p40,54,43 ; Mar 2008
Reviews energy conservation strategies that do not involve constructing new buildings. These include closer monitoring and control of HVAC use, supplies, and lighting replacement, as well as reduction of paper waste.
11 Surprising Ways that Your Building Wastes Energy.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=5656 Garris, Leah Buildings; v102 n2 , p48-52 ; Feb 2008
Discusses energy consumption impact of appliances and electronics left on, dirty filters, dripping faucets, vending machine operation, night cleaning, dirty windows and skylights, uncoordinated equipment startup and sequencing, furnishings blocking vents, and incandescent exit signs.
Heating with Biomass: A Feasibility Study of Wisconsin Schools Heated with Wood.
http://www.wifocusonenergy.org/files (Focus on Energy, Madison, WI, Feb 2008)
Based on data collection from four schools in Wisconsin that currently heat with biomass, and recent fuel use and pricing, this study found that 200-300 schools in Wisconsin now heating with natural gas may find biomass heating economical at current fuel prices. These systems will often cash flow positive in the first year of installation. Case study results from the four schools are included. 38p.
Green and Sustainable Woven Metal Mesh Reduces Energy Consumption.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/buildingproducts1-0208.html Collins, Heather American School and Hospital Facility; v31 n1 , p6,8,9 ; Jan-Feb 2008
Reviews woven metal mesh applications for exteriors, to improve aesthetics and to reduce solar heat gain and light pollution. Examples of installations and advice on choosing a manufacture are included.
Sunpower for Schoolkids.
http://construction.com/CE/articles/0801edit_schools-1.asp Evans, Deane Architectural Record; , p107-110 ; Jan 2008
Discusses photovoltaic systems for schools, including how they work and are configured, how they may be incorporated or applied to the building, and their economic benefits.
Outlook 2008: What's ahead for Educational Facilities and Business in the New Year and Beyond.
Kennedy, Mike
Predicts 2008 trends in school enrollment, construction, sustainability, maintenance, indoor air quality, security, technology, business and finance, and energy use.
Demand Pumping Allows Optimum Control of Energy Use.
Pratapchandran, Sarat Educational Facility Planner; v42 n4 , p22 ; 2008
Presents an interview that reviews the advantages of and obstacles to demand pumping and geothermal HVAC systems for schools, citing three Texas schools as examples.
Power Down: Saving Money with Automated Computer Power Management.
Thickins, Nick School Business Affairs; v74 n1 , p30,31 ; Jan 2008
Cites the benefits of software that automatically shuts down school computers. With power to hardware under centralized control, system availability and security, as well as maintenance and serviceability are improved along with the energy savings.
Capturing Energy Loss.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=8087&keywords=thermal%20imaging,% 20camera,%20diagnostics,%20building%20envelope Westerkamp, Thomas Maintenance Solutions; v16 n1 , p24 ; Jan 2008
Reviews infrared thermal imaging to detect problems in electrical distribution and HVAC systems, mechanical equipment, and the building envelope.
Energy Audits.
http://www2.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1670 Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v46 n12 , p18-22 ; Dec 2007
Reviews energy saving strategies for school buildings, emphasizing regulation of HVAC use, lighting controls, and automated computer shutoff systems.
Controlling Rising Energy Costs.
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1674 Kollie, Ellen College Planning and Management; v10 n12 , p30,32,33-35 ; Dec 2007
Describes two colleges' experiences with energy audits, the energy performance contract that followed them, changes made to facilities, how the audits were funded, and how payback was realized. An additional case study from Eastern Mennonite University is included in the print version.
Weather Winter's Cold by Going Green.
Lally, Maureen School Business Affairs; v73 n11 , p25,26 ; Dec 2007
Reviews LEED certification strategies that save energy and improve the school environment, details benefits of LEED certification for schools, and describes Energy Star and Green Globes as alternatives to LEED certification.
Geothermal Installation Wins Praise from SUNY Brockport.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Heochaidh, Roibin School Construction News; v10 n7 , p23,24 ; Nov-Dec 2007
Profiles the individual geothermal HVAC units that serve a new townhouse-style residential facility at the State University of New York at Brockport. Highlights of the system's design, along with other energy saving features of the residences are discussed.
Geothermal: Engineer Says System Can Lower Costs.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Perry, Amy School Construction News; v10 n7 , p22 ; Nov 2007
Presents and interview with Tom Perry, HVAC designer, that discusses the types of geothermal systems available, how much they can save schools on energy and maintenance costs, and some of the challenges facing schools when installing a new system.
Green Light on Energy Use.
http://www.districtadministration.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=1315 Vogel, Carl District Administration; v43 n11 , p28-30,32-34 ; Nov 2007
Reviews increasing interest in assessing the energy consumption of schools, the impact of creating "green" schools, recent programs that are creating and promoting green schools, and several examples of energy-saving features found in new and recently renovated schools.
Using Minimum Energy in Ireland's Schools.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/63/39344619.pdf PEB Exchange; 2007/10 ; Oct 2007
Explains how Ireland has incorporated low energy design into primary and post-primary schools and gives an overview of projects that have helped inform this approach. Techniques include passive solar design, daylighting, natural ventilation, and air infiltration.
Energy Shared is a Dollar Earned.
http://www.cfmmag.com/print/Campus-Facility-Maintenance/Energy-Shared-is-a-Dollar- Earned/1$440 Olson, Ryan Campus Facility Maintenance; v4 n3 , p30-32 ; Fall 2007
Reviews demand response programs that enable institutions to sell back to the grid some of their non-essential energy during peak demand, with an example of how it is implemented at University of Massachusetts campuses.
Greener Pastures.
http://asumag.com/energy/university_greener_pastures/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v80 n1 , p40,42,43 ; Sep 2007
Briefly reviews energy saving and generating strategies,including daylighting, water conservation and recycling strategies, geothermal HVAC sytesm, and wind and solar energy.
Maximizing Your Energy Spending.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1599.shtm Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v46 n8 , p24,26,28 ; Aug 2007
Discusses energy purchasing options for school systems, alternative energy sources, building automation systems, sophisticated metering, and building recommissioning as ways to reduce energy costs.
Minimizing Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories, Part Two.
http://www.labdesignnews.com/LaboratoryDesign/LD0707FEAT_3.asp Frenze, David; Mathew, Paul; Morehead, Michael; Sartor, Dale; Starr, William Laboratory Design; v12 n7 , p14-17 ; Jul 2007
Discusses the problem of simultaneous heating and cooling resulting from load variations in laboratories. The problem arises when adjacent laboratories have widely differing equipment loads, but are served by a single air-handling unit with zone reheat coils for temperature control. The air being supplied to the high-intensity laboratory drives the supply air temperature down, but that air will subsequently be reheated for the low-intensity laboratories in order to maintain desired temperatures. This second part of a two-part article describes alternative HVAC systems that will address the problem.
Web-Enabled Lighting Control: Energy Savings, Convenience for Schools and Hospitals.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/lighting1-0807.html Jordan, Scott American School and Hospital Facility; v30 n4 , p18,20,21 ; Jul 2007
Reviews some state and national incentives for improving institutional lighting control, and describes a variety of automated lighting control options, including integration of lighting and other systems via the Internet.
Greening the Office.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1541.shtm Rise, Jim College Planning and Management; v10 n7 , p41,42,44,45 ; Jul 2007
Reviews ways that campus business offices can save paper, consolidate office equipment, and recycle printer cartridges. Recycling tips for furnishings and supplies, as well as the advantages of recycled paper are also discussed.
Building Smarts.
http://campustechnology.com/articles/2007/07/building-smarts.aspx Villano, Matt Campus Technology; v20 n11 , p31,32,34,36,38 ; Jul 2007
Reviews technologies that campuses are employing to save energy. These include software that reconciles HVAC system automation with class rosters to determine room occupancies, utility billing error detection, automated computer shutdowns, controls on student printing, heat recovery systems, and improved electricity generation.
An Energy Performance Contracting Success Story.
College Planning and Management; v10 n6 , p80-82 ; Jun 2007
Reviews the features and savings of a performance contract executed between the University of Colorado and an energy service company. $5.5 million of upgrades has yielded annual savings in excess of $600,000. Warranties and student education connected to the contract are also covered.
Minimizing Reheat Energy Use in Laboratories, Part One.
http://www.labdesignnews.com/LaboratoryDesign/LD0706FEAT_2.asp Frenze, David; Mathew, Paul; Morehead, Michael; Sartor, Dale; Starr, William Laboratory Design; v12 n6 , p1,10,12-14 ; Jun 2007
Discusses the problem of simultaneous heating and cooling resulting from load variations in laboratories. The problem arises when adjacent laboratories have widely differing equipment loads, but are served by a single air-handling unit with zone reheat coils for temperature control. The air being supplied to the high-intensity laboratory drives the supply air temperature down, but that air will subsequently be reheated for the low-intensity laboratories in order to maintain desired temperatures.
Managing to Save.
http://asumag.com/energy/university_managing_save/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v79 n11 , p38-40 ; Jun 2007
Laments the uninformed state of many educational institution administrators concerning energy efficiency, reviews some significant successes in school energy management, and issues a call to educational institutions to build and manage for better energy efficiency.
Anatomy of a Performance Contract: Saves College Big Energy Bucks.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/hvac1-0607.html Blagus, Ron American School and Hospital Facility; v30 n3 , p10,12,13 ; May 2007
Details the performance contract at Eastern Illinois University to illustrate how these agreements save energy and water through HVAC, lighting, and plumbing improvements.
Integrated Classroom Lighting System: Light's Great, Less Billing.
School Planning and Management; v46 n4 , pG32,G34,G36 ; Apr 2007
Describes this system, which provides school facility designers and specifiers with lighting that cuts energy use in half while providing light when and where it is needed. The system consists of indirect/direct lighting, plug and play wiring, quiet time switches, highly reflective surfaces, and flexible, easy-to-use controls.
Sustainable Strategies on Campus.
Geller, Joseph; Corning, Robert College Planning and Management; v10 n4 , pG28,G30 ; Apr 2007
Reviews practical and economical campus sustainability strategies in the areas of stormwater control, landscaping, site lighting, recycling, water conversation, and reduction of car use.
Go Green with Air Filtration Upgrades.
Matela, Dave College Planning and Management; v10 n4 , pG36,G38,G39 ; Apr 2007
Reviews the benefits of good air indoor quality to schools, and addresses the role of air filtration to IAQ. Lower pressure-drop filters that still clean air well are covered, as are the filter's role in greenhouse gas emissions, raw material use, and waste output.
Conserving Watts by Watching.
http://www.asbj.com/2007/03/0307ASBJbaker.pdf Baker, Kay American School Board Journal; v194 n3 , p52,53 ; Mar 2007
Reviews energy-saving practices in Oregon's Salem-Keizer School District that involve the students and teachers through awareness of electricity production and consumption. The program also involved upgrading windows, lighting, insulation, and HVAC systems, with the combined behavior and building changes saving $550,000 per year in utility costs.
Geoexchange HVAC System Sets a New Standard for Energy Efficiency.
http://www.buildings.com/Articles/detail.asp?ArticleID=3480 School Planning and Management; v46 n2 , p36-39 ; Feb 2007
Profiles a geothermal HVAC system at an Ottoville, Ohio, K-12 school. The energy saved paid for the elaborate system in less than the projected four years.
Solar Roofs in San Diego.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1288.shtm Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v46 n1 , p19-21 ; Jan 2007
Describes an ongoing project to install photovoltaic systems on roofs of school and administrative buildings in the San Diego Unified School District. The roofs' design, construction, financing, partnerships, and savings are detailed. SDCS estimates the overall project will result in potential savings of more than $37 million in avoided costs during the next 20 years. It is anticipated that the project will have a capacity of 6.53 MW (milliwatts), producing 10,452MWH (milliwatt hours) of electricity annually. As of January 1, 2007, 3.57MW are operational.
Small Campus Reaps Results through Energy Management.
http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/FMJanFeb07%20-%20%20Feature%20-%20Gilbert.pdf Gilbert, Glenn Facilities Manager; v23 n1 , p42-45 ; Jan-Feb 2007
Describes energy-saving features of the energy management program at Goshen College. Building improvements, appliance monitoring, and HVAC controls have reduced the consumption of natural gas and electricity by 23 and 10 percent respectively, even though 42,000 square feet of new space was added to the campus.
Window Film: Reduces HVAC Cost, Enhances IAQ & Improves Appearance.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/hvac2-0207.html Watts, Marty American School and Hospital Facility; v30 n1 , p14,16,17 ; Jan 2007
Reviews benefits of window film, cautioning against very reflective products that block too much natural daylight and may actually drive up energy use through overuse of artificial lighting.
Strategic Energy Planning: A Step Zero Approach.
http://www.appa.org/FacilitiesManager/article.cfm?ItemNumber=2619&parentid=2550 Webb, Mark; Sugg, Joe Facilities Manager; v23 n1 , p32-35 ; Jan-Feb 2007
Presents the case for an energy saving approach where step "zero" consists of developing a strategic energy plan before development and implementation of capital projects. Ten questions that help analyze the financial, legislative, and environmental factors of an energy program are included. Advice on presenting the business case and a case study from Santa Clara University are also included.
Harnessing the Sun.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1267.shtm Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v10 n1 , p76,77 ; Jan 2007
Discusses the installation of photovoltaic systems on roofs of school buildings, considering the type, slope and orientation of the roofs; materials required, and citing an example from the University of Buffalo Norton Hall where the university’s calculations show that the system will produce enough power for about six percent of the building’s annual electric power consumption.
Improving Comfort, Enhancing Learning.
http://www.asbj.com/2006/12/1206ASBJyocum.pdf Yocum, Forest American School Board Journal; v193 n12 , p57,58 ; Dec 2006
Describes how the Southwest Licking (Ohio) School District entered into a performance contract that upgraded their buildings' envelopes, HVAC systems, and lighting. Funds saved on energy expenses were invested in solar energy and energy awareness programs.
Green Goes Underground.
http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6390956.html Schneider, Jay Building Design and Construction; v47 n13 , p59-61 ; Nov 2006
Profiles the University of Ontario Institute of Technology's geothermal system, which is the largest in Canada and the second largest in North America. The extremely deep wells were bored by oil well drillers. In spite of the significant installation cost, the huge system is expected to pay for itself in four years of energy savings.
Small Steps, Big Energy Savings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=5647&keywords=energy%20star,%20ene rgy Shroades, Renee Maintenance Solutions; v14 n11 , p11,12 ; Nov 2006
Reviews a case of simple school energy-savings steps that were based on the EPA Energy Star program and determined to save farm more energy than what they cost to implement.
A Brighter Future for LED's.
http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6390963.html Yoders, Jeff Building Design and Construction; v47 n13 , p44-46,48,51 ; Nov 2006
Describes progres in LED (light-emitting diode) illumination. These fixtures consume far less energy and last longer, but are still relatively expensive to produce and produce mixed results in quality of illumination.
Making Photovoltaics Pay Their Way.
http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6390972.html Yudleson, Jerry Building Design and Construction; v47 n13 , p63,64,66 ; Nov 2006
Reviews the current favorable climate for photovoltaic systems, as installation costs have declined, energy costs and federal tax credits have risen, and many states, municipalities, and utility companies are also offering incentives.
The New School Design Imperative.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1234.shtm Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v45 10 , p20,21,23,24 ; Oct 2006
Describes the use of the energy modeling program DOE-2 used by the New Haven, Connecticut, schools to confront threatening energy costs caused by a major expansion of school square footage in the late 1990's. The savings realized and these funds were put aside for maintenance. By reducing KBTU use from its current average level of 110 to 80, incorporating the DOE-2 modeling program into the design process will have generated savings of 30 KBTUs or $1.8 million per year.
(On) Going Green.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1235.shtm Helmke-Long, Laura School Planning and Management; v45 10 , p52,54,56-59 ; Oct 2006
Cites the success of Oregon's Gresham-Barlow School District in saving energy. Thorough energy audit data was input into a software program, HVAC systems were audited, facility improvements were made, and occupant behavior modified. Their achievement won recognition as an EPA Energy Star Leader in 2005.
VAV vs. Low-flow: What Saves More?
http://www.labdesignnews.com/LaboratoryDesign/LD0610FEAT_1.asp Neuman, Victor Laboratory Design; v11 n10 , p1-5 ; Oct 2006
Briefly narrates the history of energy conservation for laboratory fume hoods, and then compares the energy savings of variable air volume (VAV) and the newer low-flow hoods. Both types save energy, and an ideal laboratory would contain both. The costs and advantages of three alternatives are described: a laboratory with only low-flow fume hoods, a laboratory with VAV hoods, and a laboratory with both types, which offers the most safety.
Selling the Light of Day.
http://archrecord.construction.com/resources/conteduc/archives/0609edit-1.asp Fortmeyer, Russell Architectural Record; v194 n9 , p149-152,154,156 ; Sep 2006
Describes types of current and anticipated photovoltaic technologies, their availabilities and costs, building-integrated photovoltaic design and products, and competition between the photovoltaic and semiconductor industries for silicon.
Reducing School Utility Costs with Technology: The South Carolina Energy Office Program.
Tucker, Erin School Business Affairs; v72 n8 , p24,26 ; Sep 2006
Describes the progress that the SC SAVE$ program has made in helping South Carolina school districts track their energy usage and identify opportunities for savings. The web-based system establishes direct lines of communication and enables ease of use.
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Looking Ahead: Energy Costs and School Buildings.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Vujovic, Vuk School Construction News; v9 n6 , p38,39 ; Sep-Oct 2006
Cites statistics on the cost of energy to school districts, typical quantities of wasted energy, available energy sources, and the call to design for minimal energy use.
The Air Down There.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1160.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v9 n7 , p29,30,32,33 ; Jul 2006
Defines displacement ventilation (DV) and describes its benefits to air quality, energy savings, noise control, and comfort. Also included is a comparison of DV to under-floor air distribution (UFAD), examples of schools that use DV, and architectural considerations for DV installation.
Future of Learning and Learning Centers.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1164.shtm School Planning and Management; v45 n6 , p51,52 ; Jun 2006
Describes the design and assembly of the photovoltaic wall at the Tiger Woods Learning Center, which will generate 3800 kilowatts of electricity per year. A brief description of the building's educational and extracurricular program is included.
Higher Education Sustainability Stars.
http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pmg/ub0606-GG/index.php Fliegler, Caryn University Business; v9 n6 , pG6,G7 ; Jun 2006
Summarizes ten higher education institution programs to conserve energy and develop environmentally friendly facility and purchasing policies.
Building and Refurbishing for Energy Savings.
http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pmg/ub0606-GG/index.php Goral, Tim University Business; v9 n6 , pG16-G18 ; Jun 2006
Details the four points of Milikin University's energy-saving plan, which has reduced energy consumption by 30%. The plan includes ensuring that existing buildings are working properly, making energy strategy key to new construction, engaging the community in the energy plan, and reinvesting the savings into visible capital improvements.
How to Improve Energy Efficiency Through Benchmarking.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1147.shtm Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v45 n6 , p36-38 ; Jun 2006
Outlines the six steps of an energy benchmarking program created by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They are: 1) Gather data. 2) Tabulate energy consumption. 3) Establish energy intensity indicators. 4) Rank the schools. 5) Identify the poor-performing schools. 6) Create an action plan.
Green Alternatives to Black Oil.
http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pmg/ub0606-GG/index.php McClure, Ann University Business; v9 n6 , pG2-G4 ; Jun 2006
Highlights Cornell University's use of naturally cold lake water for cooling buildings, James Madison Universityis experimentation with biodiesel production from used kitchen cooking oil, and the University of North Carolina-Asheville's use of landfill gasses.
The Future of Saving Energy.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1154.shtm Milshtein, Amy; Johnston, Eric College Planning and Management; v9 n6 , p32,34,36,38,40,41 ; Jun 2006
Discusses soaring energy costs and how institutions are coping. Automation of buildings to adjust energy use to occupancy is described, as are alternative sources for heating and cooling. Preparation for power outages is also covered.
Risk Management in the Procurement of Energy.
http://asbointl.org/asbo/files/ Moltzan, Bruce School Business Affairs; v72 n6 , p11-13 ; Jun 2006
Discusses "lowest price" and "price certainty" methods of energy procurement, citing the advantages and disadvantages of each. Whatever method is chosen, school district budgets must be configured accordingly and tolerance for risk accurately assessed. Once a method is chosen, a variety of products, approaches, and partnerships are available to facilitate energy procurement.
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Team Energy.
http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pmg/ub0606-GG/index.php Sturgeon, Julie Urban Land; v9 n6 , pG10-G14 ; Jun 2006
Describes competitive, student-led energy saving programs on eleven higher education campuses.
Chilled Water System for University Campus.
Duda, Stephen ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p12-14,16,20 ; May 2006
Details the financial, energy, and engineering considerations behind a chilled water system at Missouri State University that replaced most of the individual systems serving campus buildings. The prime contractor's compensation was linked to energy performance, which necessitated careful study of the cost benefits of the system. Ultimately, not all buildings were included in the system, as they were too remote or had relatively efficient systems already in place. Includes seven references.
Head of the Class for No GHG-School.
Harouni, Raif; Nichols, Laurier; Jean-Louis, Marie-Judith ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p22-24,26,27 ; May 2006
Profiles the building and HVAC design of Quebec's Ecole du Tournant, which emits no greenhouse gasses and uses 80% less energy than a typical school built according to the standard energy code. The composition of the roof, exterior walls, and windows, as well as the efficient lighting system are briefly described. The geothermal heat pump and makeup air unit using solar walls are covered in detail.
Energy Efficiency for Tropical Campus
Lek, Siang; Min, Zaw ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p48-50,52,53 ; May 2006
Describes energy efficiency achieved at a Singapore university through energy-efficient lighting and air-conditioning, an integrated building management system, and extensive use of natural ventilation and daylighting.
Ground-Source Heat Pumps: Energy Efficiency for Two Canadian Schools.
Minea, Vasile ASHRAE Journal; v48 n5 , p28-30,32,34-36,38 ; May 2006
Details the design, construction, costs, and operation of ground-source heat pump systems at two Canadian schools. The construction of the system cost 26% less than a conventional HVAC system, and consumes 66.5% less energy. Includes four references.
"No Cost" School Renovation.
http://www.asbj.com/2006/05/0506asbjzorn.pdf Zorn, Robert American School Board Journal; v193 n5 , p38,39 ; May 2006
Describes how an Ohio School district paid for $5.5 million in renovations through energy savings accomplished in an energy performance contract.
On Top of Energy Management.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=4292 Maintenance Solutions; v14 n4 ; Apr 2006
Describes the San Diego City School District's success with energy management, which has dramatically cut their costs. An energy monitoring and control system, photovoltaics, lighting retrofit, and replacement of appliances are among the steps that earned the system the distinction of having more Energy Star labeled buildings than any other school district program.
Harnessing Daylight for Energy Savings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=4267 Kozlowski, David Building Operating Management; v53 n4 ; Apr 2006
Explains how badly designed daylighting can actually raise energy costs and offers extensive advice on proper daylighting, including building orientation, window design, light and heat transmittance, ceiling height and reflectivity, clerestories, interior and exterior light shelves, and coordination of the system with artificial lighting.
A Naturally Cooled Atrium for a Temperate Climate.
Rittelmann, Richard College Planning and Management; v9 n4 , pG20,G22 ; Apr 2006
Describes the sophisticated glazing system and natural ventilation of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute s Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies. These enable the building to have an atrium that requires neither heating or cooling.
Taking the Green Path to Sustainability.
Simpson, Walter College Planning and Management; v9 n4 , pG24,G26,G28,G29 ; Apr 2006
Encourages a shift from a consuming to a conserving view of natural resources, and lists eighty steps toward a sustainable campus environment. These steps are organized under the categories of waste reduction and recycling, purchasing and administrative services, energy conservation and purchasing, water use, hazardous materials, transportation, food service, grounds and land use, new construction, campus planning and design, investment policies, and teaching and research.
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Ventilation Heat Recovery for Laboratories.
VanGeet, Otto; Reilly, Sue ASHRAE Journal; v48 n3 , p44-46,48-50,52,53 ; Mar 2006
Discusses energy recovery from laboratory air, which typically requires 100 percent outdoor air at high ventilation rates. Energy recovery can substantially reduce the cost of conditioning this air, which is often five times greater than in an office. Enthalpy wheels, heat pipes, runaround loops, and plate heat exchangers are covered, as are key building design, maintenance, and air quality issues.
On Film.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_film/ Watts, Marty American School and University; v78 n6 , p34-36 ; Feb 2006
Describes selective solar films for windows that improves indoor air quality by reducing the amount of conditioned air needed and reducing offgassing from carpet and furniture. Films that admit natural light while blocking heat will support a daylit environment, thus reducing a subsequent need for increased artificial illumination.
Capital Need: Innovative Financing for New Green School Projects.
Langer, Kenneth Educational Facility Planner; v 40 n 3/4 , p9-13 ; 2006
Describes how projected energy savings associated with new "green" schools can be guaranteed by an energy service company. The guarantee can be used to trigger commercial financing to cover the incremental capital costs associated with the design and construction of the school project. Also presented are various grant mecahnisms that can be used to buy down the incremental capital cost of new "green" school projects. Includes two references.
EPA's ENERGY STAR Helps School Buildings Perform Better.
Rovi, Julio Educational Facility Planner; v 40 n 3/4 , p34-36 ; 2006
Describe the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ENERGY STAR program, including its components and goals, along with its application to the design and operation of school buildings.
Expending Energy-Conservation Goes a Long Way.
http://www.campusfacilitymaintenance.com/article/article.jsp?siteSection=5&id=333 Wilkins, Michael Campus Facility Maintenance; v3 n4 , p20-22 ; Winter 2006
Describes campus energy-saving strategies, emphasizing temperature control and campaigns to turn off lights and computers when not in use.
Guaranteed Savings.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_guaranteed_savings/ Daniel, Wesley American School and University; v77 n4 , p32-34 ; Dec 2005
Discusses performance contracting that pays for capital improvements with savings realized when the improvements lower energy consumption. A performance guarantee from the contractor ensures that if the expected savings are not achieved, the contractor compensates for the difference. The approaches to performance contracting described are: request for qualifications (RFQ), request for proposal (RFP), and negotiation. Procedures for determining energy savings expectations and monitoring the project are detailed.
Sealing In Energy Savings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=3637 Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; v13 n12 ; Dec 2005
New-generation insulation can enhance energy efficiency and minimize moisture problems. This article discusses roofing applications, wall insulation, duct applications, and pipe insulation.
Chiller Technology That Saves
http://facilitiesnet.tsrnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=3548 Piper, James Maintenance Solutions; Nov 2005
Electric chillers represent the single largest electrical load in most buildings, accounting for 35-50 percent of a building’s annual electricity use. For this reason, maintenance and engineering managers who look closely at their building’s chiller system can identify ways to reduce operating and energy costs. This discusses high-efficiency chillers, software, high-efficiency purge systems, oil-less centrifugal chillers, multiple-chiller installations, and alternative-fuel chillers
Discovering Unseen and Overlooked Energy Inefficiencies.
Schoff, Lawrence Facilities Manager; v21 n6 , p26-29,32,33 ; Nov-Dec 2005
Reviews the history of large increases in fuel prices and proposes energy management as a response. Energy management is defined, its importance explained, and the elements of an energy management plan are enumerated. Online tools for energy management are described and five frequently overlooked energy efficiencies are detailed. Includes six references.
New Utilities Replace Nagging Futilities.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Schurr, Arthur School Construction News; v8 n7 , p34 ; Nov-Dec 2005
Decribes the features of an attractive new higher education central utilities plant and system that replaced an aged, inadequate, and unreliable one at an historic higher education campus.
Tapping Creative Energy.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_tapping_creative_energy/ Tanem, Michelle American School and University; v78 n3 , p284,285 ; Nov 2005
Explores the involvement of students in saving energy, recycling, and other sustainable practices, featuring student-led initiatives in K-12 and higher education institutions.
Tired of Expensive School Buildings? Try Sustainable Design.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Vujovic, Vuk School Construction News; v8 n7 , p30-32 ; Nov 2005
Explains how LEED-based projects can cost no more than non-LEED, or only marginally more if the highest LEED rating is sought. This is due to deeper design and construction industry experience with sustainability, state incentives to build "green," savings in energy and water consumption, and easier maintainability. Benefits of sustainable design to student health and academic performance are described.
Maine's First State Facility Receives LEED Certification.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/987.shtm College Planning and Management; v8 n10 , p42 ; Oct 2005
Describes this academic building at the University of Southern Maine that achieved LEED certification through the use of low-VOC materials, locally harvested and sustainably grown lumber, wind energy, and water-saving fixtures.
How to Clip Soaring Energy Costs.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/985.shtm Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v8 n10 , p16,18,19 ; Oct 2005
Describes energy energy savings realized by two colleges through an energy audit and a new cogeneration plant.
Maximizing Efficiency.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_maximizing_efficiency/ Parks, Rick; Grubb, Kip American School and University; v78 n1 , p32,34,35 ; Sep 2005
Describes the energy-saving strategies of sophisticated integration of natural and artificial light, reduced building envelopes, and integrated systems on multi-building campuses.
DOE's Rebuild America Program Transitions Dramatically.
http://www.appa.org/FacilitiesManager/article.cfm?ItemNumber=2402&parentid=2393 Glazner, Steve Facilities Manager; v21 n4 , p56-58 ; Jul-Aug 2005
Discusses details of the reorganization of this program, transferring it from the Department of Energy to the State Technologies Advancement Collaborative, which is a consortium with which the DOE participates.
Making the Business Case for Sustainability: It's Not Just about Getting Points!
http://www.appa.org/FacilitiesManager/article.cfm?ItemNumber=2408&parentid=2393 Hodges, Christopher; Elvey, William Facilities Manager; v21 n4 , p50-53 ; Jul-Aug 2005
Advocates a greater input from the facility manager in choosing sustainable design, reviews the LEED system, cites energy management as the key component of sustainability, and suggests ways to institute an effective energy management program.
Energy-Efficient Renovation of Educational Buildings.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/31/35395004.pdf Erhorn-Kluttig, Heike PEB Exchange; v2005/2 n55 , p13,14 ; Jun 2005
Compares energy-efficient ventilation strategies from nine European countries and the U.S., assembled from 25 case studies of retrofit measures and presented with graphic analysis. Denmark's Egebjerg school is presented in detail, with a sectional view of its ventilation system.
Window Film to the Rescue!
Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v44 n6 , p55-57 ; Jun 2005
Describes the benefits of window film that can limit solar heat gain, glare, and deterioration of furnishings from ultraviolet radiation. Minimal shattering protection is also obtained when these films are applied, but safety films (which can also control light) are required if window strengthening is sought.
Fundamentally Green.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_fundamentally_green/ Rush, Richard American School and University; v77 n11 , p24,26,29 ; Jun 2005
Advocates compact, wraparound school design to achieve maximum energy efficiency. Classrooms should surround less densely populated areas, such as the library, gymnasium and administrative areas. Skylights and clerestories are recommended to illuminate these interiors spaces. For large campuses, a linked network of wraparound buildings is recommended.
Efficient Cooling for California Campus.
Costa, Tony ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p69,70,72,74 ; May 2005
Describes how three separate wet-bulb conditions are used by three evaporative cooling air-handling units and a chiller with an evaporatively cooled condenser to reduce electrical costs for air conditioning of a California junior college health sciences building. Includes four references.
Rethinking School Potable Water Heating Systems.
Hiller, Carl ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p48-50,52,54-56 ; May 2005
Describes results from potable water heating system field tests in two schools, providing recommendations on alternative school water heating system designs and operating practices that significantly reduce operating costs with significantly lower first cost. Designing for better adjacencies of sinks to reduce piping length, point of use water heaters in many locations, and timers to turn off recirculating loops are recommended. Includes 12 references.
Energy-Efficient Laboratory Design.
Lemire, Nicholas; Carneux, Roland ASHRAE Journal; v47 n5 , p58-60,62-64 ; May 2005
Evaluates energy-efficient laboratories at Montreal's Concordia University Science Complex. The goal was to design a building with energy consumption at least 25% lower than that which would comply with the Model National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings. That goal was exceeded, as the complex is 50% more efficient. The innovative and sensitive occupancy sensing, flow tracking, exhaust, and heat recovery features are described, as is the system's flexibility, accessibility, and easy maintenance.
Making the Case for Green Building.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/930.shtm Wilson, Alex School Planning and Management; v44 n5 , pGB3,GB4,GB6,GB8,GB10,GB12,GB14 ; May 2005
Examines benefits of environmentally conscious building design, including lower energy and water costs, greater durability, reduced cleaning and maintenance, less waste, improved health of occupants, reduced absenteeism, improved learning, and reduced demand on municipal services. General contributions to the community's environmental and social well-being are also outlined.
That I May Serve.
http://www.buildings.com/Articles/detailBuildings.asp?articleID=2394 Babcock, Regina Buildings; v99 n4 , p46-48 ; Apr 2005
Describes Virginia Tech's establishment of a unified energy management program, the personnel who staff it, and the changes in campus infrastructure that the program will institute in order to conserve energy.
A Good LEEDer
http://asumag.com/mag/university_good_leeder/ Gourley, Steve American School and University; v77 n9 , hp14-hp17 ; Apr 2005
Advises on ways to achieve LEED certification, explaining the six categories of assessment and listing typical ways to earn points in each.
Seeing the Big Picture.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_seeing_big_picture/ Martin, Craig; Tracy, Brent American School and University; v77 n6 , p26-28 ; Feb 2005
Discusses uses for the data obtained in a utility analysis which may reveal where energy can be saved. Load factors, ratios of consumption to demand, effects of weather, and benchmarking are considered.
Making the Most of It.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_making/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v77 n5 , p51-53 ; Jan 2005
This discusses 10 ways that administrators can try to accomplish more with the resources they have: facility assessment, computerized maintenance management systems, commissioning, performance contracting, life-cycle costs, outsourcing, online procurement, alternative fuels, cool roofs, and sharing space.
Boosting Budgets by Building Green.
http://asbointl.org/asbo/files/ Vujovic, Vuk; Ogurek, Douglas School Business Affairs; v71 n1 , p5-9 ; Jan 2005
Describes goethermal heat pumps, photovoltaics, daylighting, and green roofs as energy-saving design features for school buildings. Estimates of what these systems can save are offered. Includes 15 references.
A View to Safety.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_view_safety/ Larkin, Jay American School and University; v77 n4 , p35-37 ; Dec 2004
Describes glass films that improve impact resistance and can be retrofitted onto existing windows at significantly less cost than replacing the glass. Also described are solar films for use in reducing heating and cooling costs.
The Road to Sustainability.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_road_sustainability/ Holland, Mary American School and University; v77 n3 , p354-356 ; Nov 2004
Describes low-cost methods for improving the energy consumption of school buildings. Landscaping that is redesigned and planted to reduce heat build-up can also serve as an outdoor environmental classroom. Energy performance contractors can help replace outdated systems and make improvements to the exteriors of buildings.
Energy Ideas.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Leisner, Hava School Construction News; v7 n8 , p12-13 ; Nov-Dec 2004
Presents and interview with Lisa Heschong that describes energy-saving school facility management ideas such as restructuring the school day, insulating pipes, and ways to control heat loss through windows.
Putting The Squeeze on HVAC Costs
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=2261 Vito, Dennis Building Operating Management; Nov 2004
Good system design, careful management and effective maintenance are keys to reducing mechanical system energy expenditures. This discusses the following steps to take: adjust space temperature setpoints, use preventive maintenance, seek energy independence, optimize system efficiency, and negotiate better prices.
Small School District Scores Big on Energy Savings.
http://schoolfacilities.com/resourceDetails_Print.asp?resourceID=467&mode=5 (Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA, Oct 2004)
Describes enthalpy wheels in a school HVAC system that recover heat and moisture from the exhaust air stream and transfer it to the supply air stream to save on heating and humidification costs. The wheels can also remove heat and moisture from the supply air stream during Summer months. 3p.
It's So Easy Being Green.
http://www.asbj.com/2004/10/1004asbjshorr.pdf Shorr, Pamela American School Board Journal; v191 n10 , p22-25 ; Oct 2004
Describes the growing realization of the value of energy-efficient and eco-friendly schools, describes several innovative green school facilities and programs, and offers tips and resources for implementing a sustainable building program.
Submeters: The Best-Kept Secret.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Millstein, Don School Construction News; v7 n6 , p31 ; Sep 2004
Advocates metering individual buildings, systems, or departments to determine where energy might be being wasted or where systems might need maintenance.
Low Maintenance, Sustainable Solutions for Chicago Schools.
Olsen, Erik ASHRAE Journal; v46 n9 , pS12-S14,S16, S17 ; Sep 2004
Describes improved HVAC systems designed to help the Chicago Public Schools initiative to maximize sustainable building potential for its schools. The new systems provide a good mix of first cost, operating costs, maintainability, and indoor environmental quality. The condensing boilers, air-cooled chillers, dual-path air handling units, displacement ventilation, and demand-controlled ventilation (CO2 sensors) are described. (Includes five references.)
The Energy Crunch
http://www.universitybusiness.com/page.cfm?p=592 Urso, Jack University Business; Aug 2004
Rising energy prices are spurring university and college administrators to take steps to cut costs, ensure adequate power, and implement energy-saving initiatives in an increasingly technological-dependent campus environment.
Campuses can recoup hundreds of thousands of dollars, if not more, by implementing a comprehensive energy management plan. In order to realize such savings, however, both energy production and consumption must be addressed.
Case Study: New Cogeneration Facility Taps Unused Landfill Gas for a Community College.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/726.shtm College Planning and Management; v7 n7 , p30,32 ; Jul 2004
Describes a cogeneration facility at Hudson Valley Community College in Troy, New York. The system utilizes methane gas from a closed landfill and generates enough electricity to supply all the college's need.
Where is LEED Leading Us?
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/709.shtm Abramson, Paul School Planning and Management; v43 n7 , p54 ; Jul 2004
Reviews misconceptions about requirements for LEED certification, affirms the values of LEED schools, and advocates designing around the educational program first, and then adjusting the school building to meet LEED requirements.
Energy Class.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/715.shtm Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v43 n7 , p36,38,41 ; Jul 2004
Describes the use of methane from a landfill to heat and provide electricity for the neighborhood Antioch Community School of Antioch, Illinois. The school district partnered with private companies to mine, purify, and pressurize the gas. Excess electricity is sold to a local utility.
Low Energy Schools in Ireland.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/13/36134510.pdf PEB Exchange; v2004/2 n52 , p20-23 ; Jun 2004
Describes two Irish schools that reduced energy consumption through building envelope improvements, careful materials selection, natural ventilation, daylighting, greywater toilets, and wind power.
Texas A&M-sized Savings
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/Jun04/Jun04energy.shtml Gryzkewicz, Renee Maintenance Solutions; Jun 2004
The building commissioning program at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas saves millions in energy costs and improves occupant comfort.
Building Green.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_building_green/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v76 n10 , p16-18,21,22 ; May 01, 2004
Defines five areas of consideration for sustainable building design and operations, citing studies that indicate their economic and educational benefits. Examples of sustainability put into practice and the benefits that followed are provided.
What Makes Green Buildings Green?
Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v43 n4 , pGB3,GB5,GB6,GB8 ; Apr 2004
Discusses the six sustainability standards of the United States Green Building Council, under which there are 69 elements that can be implemented and translated into points. A building must comply with at least 29 of the 69 elements to obtain LEED certification. Achieving sustainability in K-12 construction is often hampered by outdated design guidelines within the school districts, high-volume, energy-hungry spaces such as gymnasia and auditoria, and inappropriate siting of schools in remote locations.
The Next Frontier.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_next_frontier/ Leonard, Thomas American School and University; v76 n9 , p39,40,42,44 ; Apr 2004
Discusses the use of dimmers, timers, occupancy sensors, and photocells to control lighting and energy use. A new Department of Energy regulation will require the inclusion of lighting controls in state building codes beginning July 15, 2004.
Getting Serious about Power Failures.
http://asbointl.org/ASBO/files/ McClure, James School Business Affairs; v70 n4 , p14-17 ; Apr 2004
Describes internal combustion electrical generation systems for emergency use and for "peak shaving" power production when the cost of peak electricity makes it economically feasible to generate power in-house. Case studies from four school systems are included.
Daylight Savings.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_daylight_savings/ Soleau, David S.; Ross, Alan S. American School and University; v76 n9 , hp11-hp14 ; Apr 2004
Discusses energy recovery and savings techniques involving lighting, HVAC, and site planning.
Saving Energy in Labs.
Bartholomew, Philip ASHRAE Journal; , p35-40 ; 02/01/2004
Describes the design of an HVAC system at Haverford College that recovers significant amounts of heat from laboratory hood exhaust. Higher equipment costs were more than offset by savings realized in reduced ductwork, plant size, and energy usage.
Remembering the Lessons of the 70's.
Abramson, Paul School Planning and Management; v43 n1 , p79 ; Jan 2004
Compares the increase in per pupil energy costs during the energy crisis of the 1970's with a comparable increase during the 2000's. Similarities indicate that energy awareness programs from the 1970's should be re-implemented.
Searching for Savings.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/Jan04/jan04construction.shtml Gryzkewicz, Renee Maintenance Solutions; Jan 2004
As a result of management’s vision and the maintenance department’s expertise, the Portland School District is now reaping cost-saving benefits estimated to be about $9 million over the past eight years. In 1990, the district undertook a series of aggressive measures to enhance the energy efficiency in its 100 schools and better control its utility costs. It launched energy-efficiency programs and retrofit projects designed to maintain energy use and costs at the lowest level possible without compromising the schools’ learning environment.
Secure, Reliable, Utilities: More than Meets the Eye.
http://www.appa.org/files/PDFs/FM010204MoreThanMeets.pdf Litton, Tony R. Facilities Manager; v20 n1 , p35-37 ; Jan-Feb 2004
Describes increasing hazards that can upset the balance within the energy supply system and thus the facility manager's ability to provide utility services. An energy resources management plan that includes fuel flexibility, sustainable design and construction, and alternative energy sources is recommended.
Understanding the U.S. Power Grid: Steps toward a Stronger Electrical Power. Network.
http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/FM010204Understanding.pdf Qayoumi, Mohammad Facilities Manager; v20 n1 , p38-42 ; Jan-Feb 2004
Explains the makeup of the North American power network, how electricity is generated and transmitted, and how decreasing investment and increasing demand puts the system at risk. New technologies and organizations that may help are described.
A New Model for Utility Operations at the University of Arkansas.
http://www.appa.org/files/PDFs/FM1204UtilityOperations.pdf Turley, L. Scott Facilities Manager; v20 n1 , p43-47 ; Jan-Feb 2004
Advocates an entrepreneurial approach to campus energy management. The first element is to create a utility infrastructure master plan that mirrors the campus master plan. Second, accounting processes should clearly show where utility dollars are going and the return of specific utility investments. Utility dollars are separated from general facilities budgets, and capital improvement costs are distributed to the various structures through appropriate rate scheduling.
School Boards and the Utility Companies.
http://asbointl.org/ASBO/files/ MacNeil, Byrdena M. School Business Affairs; v69 n11 , p43-44 ; Dec 2003
Cites Canadian cases where school boards experienced dramatic utility rate increases, with no additional funding from their provincial governments to compensate. The boards challenged rate increases before the regulatory agencies, winning significant savings and establishing new rate structures.
Increasing Independence.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_increasing_independence/ Martin, Gene American School and University; v76 n4 , p29-30,32 ; Dec 2003
Emphasizes the importance of a reliable electrical supply to support sensitive instruments in sophisticated educational settings. Urges the installation of backup and cogeneration capabilities and describes recent innovations in cogeneration technology that have made this possible for a wide variety of institutions.
Geothermal Heat Pump Technology Saves Energy for America's Schools.
http://asbointl.org/ASBO/files/ McCray, Kevin School Business Affairs; v69 n11 , p35-39 ; Dec 2003
Describes how geothermal systems work, how they are designed for various buildings, possible savings that can be realized, and how they are installed. Variables include building type, geology, hydrology and materials selection. Decommissioning of abandoned systems is also covered.
Resisting Costs.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_resisting_costs/ Kukhahn, Tom American School and University; v76 n3 , p310-13 ; Nov 2003
Describes the insulating value of innovative exterior masonry products and how to calculate the overall insulating value of an exterior wall system by adding up the values of the individual components and then subtracting the loss from thermal breaks, such as windows and doors.
Environmental Impact.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_environmental_impact/ Nasis, George; Tola, Ron American School and University; v76 n3 , p321-23 ; Nov 2003
Explains the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System developed by the members of the U.S. Green Building Council. The LEED System awards up to 69 points in five categories: 1)sustainable site, 2)energy and atmosphere, 3)materials and resources, 4)water efficiency and 5)indoor air quality. Levels of certification are obtained at 26, 33, 39 and 52 points.
Daylight Again.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_daylight_again/ Westfall, Robert American School and University; v76 n3 , p318-20 ; Nov 2003
Describes the benefits of energy savings and improved student performance when schools are daylit. Decreased student absenteeism also results from increased school aid if that aid is linked to attendance. Sources of financial assistance for daylighting efforts are outlined.
An Ultra Energy-Efficient School in Quebec.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/48/26/34282934.pdf PEB Exchange; v2003/3 n50 , p24-25 ; Oct 2003
Describes the siting, materials and systems of Le Tournant School. Designed in 2002 for maximum energy efficiency, it is the second most energy-efficient institutional building in Canada.
Energy Upgrades.
School Planning and Management; v42 n10 , p32-33 ; Oct 2003
Describes energy savings realized by the Johnston County, North Carolina, school system when HVAC use was retimed and an ice thermal storage system was installed for cooling.
Placing Students First: Promoting Innovation in Sustainable Design.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/ME2/Audiences Samish, Rob School Construction News; v6 n6 , p25-27 ; Sep 2003
Describes the innovative features of the Truckee Middle School in Truckee, California. The school utilizes daylighting, environmentally sensitive building materials, water management and geothermal energy to create a high performance learning environment.
Lighting: Green Light. http://asumag.com/mag/university_green_light/ Maniccia, Dorine American School and University; v75 n12 , p154,156-57 ; Aug 2003
Explains that by using sustainable (green) building practices, schools and universities can make their lighting systems more efficient, noting that embracing green design principles can help schools attract students. Discusses lighting-control technologies (occupancy sensing technology, daylighting technology, and scheduling based technologies), focusing on their use in common school spaces.
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