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SCHOOL FLOORING SELECTION OPTIONS
NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on selection considerations for floor coverings in school and campus facilities. 
Characteristics of School Flooring Materials.
http://www.asthmaregionalcouncil.org/documents/flooringmenufinal.doc (Asthma Regional Council of New England, Dorchester, MA , 2005)
Presents a succinct table comparing indoor air impact, cost, maintenance, room quality, comfort, safety, environmental, and other considerations of carpet, VCCT, linoleum, vinyl, terrazzo, ceramic tile, and concrete flooring. 3p.
Health Considerations When Choosing School Flooring.
http://www.asthmaregionalcouncil.org/documents/Flooringfactsheetfinal.doc Gilmore, Frances (Asthma Regional Council of New England, Dorchester, MA , 2005)
Evaluates the health impact of carpet, VCTT (vinyl compount tufted textile), linoleum, terrazzo, ceramic tile, concrete, and rubber, with an emphasis on the indoor air quality impact of each. The appropriate flooring options for various school spaces, noise abatement ideas where hard flooring is used, the impact of the school's concrete slab on flooring , and special considerations for wood flooring are also discussed. 10p.
Carpets in Schools?
http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Education/CASLE/carpet4.html Robinson, K. (Citizens for A Safe Learning Environment, Halifax, Nova Scotia., Apr 2003)
For many years a quick, quiet, and inexpensive solution to school flooring needs has been to install carpeting. This paper discusses the side effects from this solution, including some significant health consequences. This looks at carpet manufacturing chemicals, carpets as sinks, carpet maintanance chemicals, carpets and mold, and some alternatives to carpeting. 4p.
The Importance of Interior Design Elements as They Relate to Student Outcomes.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Tanner, C. Kenneth; Langford, Ann (Carpet and Rug Institute, Dalton, GA. , 2003)
This study investigated the following questions: (1) "What are the perceptions that elementary school principals have concerning the influence of interior design elements such as floor and wall coverings, lighting, flexibility, acoustics, color, texture, patterns, cleanliness, and maintenance on student achievement, teacher retention, and student attendance?" (2) "Do the acoustics of the environment relate significantly to student achievement?" (3) What floor coverings in the classroom relate significantly to the acoustics of the classroom?" and (4) "Are there any possible links between floor coverings in the classroom and student achievement?" The study found that in all subject areas studied, students attending schools having carpeted classrooms had higher achievement scores than those attending schools having hard surfaced classrooms. The study also found that the importance of a school's interior design is slightly higher for school principals than for teachers. 49p.
ERIC NO: ED478177;
From the Ground Up: Floorcovering Recommendations from an IAQ Consortium. Issuetrak: A CEFPI Brief on Educationaly Facility Issues.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071029102355 Frank, David (Council of Educational Facilities Planners International, Scottsdale, AZ , Aug 2002)
This brief describes the findings of a consortium on indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational facilities held in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The objective was to determine the impact floorcoverings have on indoor air quality in schools relative to maintenance, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), airborne contaminants, moisture, surface contaminants, and product construction. As each type of floorcovering was discussed relative to the issues, participants began to formulate a consensus defining the proper floorcovering conducive to improved IAQ in schools. Floorcoverings reviewed were vinyl composition tile, conventional carpeting, and vinyl cushion tufted textile. The consortium also addressed preventing mold and mildew, controlling dust and particles, and eliminating VOCs. 4p.
Effects on Health-Related Symptoms of Carpet Removal and Ventilation in Eleven Schools-A Controlled Intervention Study.
http://www.chps.net/info/iaq_papers/PaperIII.5.pdf Mathisen, H.M.; Jenssen, J.A.; Johnsen, R. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Reports on an intervention study was carried out in eleven Norwegian elementary schools. Three schools with poor ventilation standard, four schools with carpets, and four control schools participated. Carpets were replaced by vinyl flooring and the poor ventilation systems were upgraded. 1100 children aged twelve to thirteen years and 400 teachers were included in the study. A baseline registration of health related symptoms were performed before the intervention, and repeated afterward. Compared to control schools, the results from the intervention schools showed that the number of health related symptoms were reduced for both children with and without hypersensitivity. (Includes four references.) 5p.
Indoor Air Pollution by Volatile Organic compounds (VOC) Emitted from Flooring Material in a Technical University in Switzerland.
http://www.chps.net/info/iaq_papers/PaperIII.4.pdf Reiser, R.; Meile, A.; Hofer, C.; Knutti, R. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Reports the results of a case study at a technical university where employees and students complained about deteriorated indoor air after the building had been renovated. Some employees even suffered from sickness and headache. Indoor air concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were elevated in both laboratory halls and reference rooms. Concentrations of most chemicals decreased considerably after six months. The smell intensity decreased in parallel but still was rated as highly annoying. The source of the odorous compounds and most probably of the health problems was identified to be the vinyl (PVC) flooring. The vinyl flooring emitted, among others, phenol and 2-ethylhexanol. Emission factors correlated inversely with the frequency of room usage. The results provide an example of the use of unsuitable building products with respect to healthy indoor air. (Includes 22 references.) 6p.
Preliminary Study of Flooring in School in the U.S.: Airborne Particulate Exposures in Carpeted vs. Uncarpeted Classrooms.
http://www.chps.net/info/iaq_papers/PaperIII.2.pdf Shaughnessy, R. J.; Turk, B.; Evans, S.; Fowler, F.; Casteel, S.; Louie, S. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Reports on analysis of data from 16 schools (grades K-6 and a Junior High), spanning 5 southwestern states to examine classroom airborne particulate levels and the buildup of contaminants on flooring systems. Data were collected from 2 separate sites (one carpeted, one hard flooring) within each of the schools. Measurements included indoor/outdoor airborne particulate mass concentration, indoor/outdoor particulate counts, and CO2/T/RH to characterize ventilation in the classrooms. A comparative analysis of the limited data sets suggests that school carpeted floor covering may present an increased exposure risk to children from particulate matter harbored on the flooring material as compared to hard-surfaced flooring. The study emphasizes the need for fastidious maintenance of all types of floor coverings in schools. (Includes fifteen references.) 6p.
Real-time Measurement of Dust Levels in a Carpeted and Non-carpeted School Gym Room.
http://www.chps.net/info/iaq_papers/PaperIII.3.pdf Turner, W.A.; Caulfield, S.C.; Ellis, T.; Lewia, R. (Indoor Air 2002, The Ninth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA , 2002)
Reports on research where particle data were collected in two school gyms for fifteen weeks in Kennebunk, Maine. The floor coverings of the two gymns were vinyl composition tile (VCT) and vinyl cushioned tufted textile (VCTT), or high-grade commercial carpet, respectively. Intensive one-minute data was also collected during three "experiments" that evaluated the measured effect of typical sweeping, vacuuming, and burnishing of VCT. It was concluded that advances to contain breathable dust during burnishing activities are needed and that modern vacuum cleaning devices likely produce the least impact on indoor air quality. In the two rooms studied, dust levels were similar in the hard and soft-surface floors. (Includes three references.) 6p.
National Survey of Public School Teachers.
http://www.carpet-rug.com/pdf_word_docs/0103_Shapiro.pdf (Beth Schapiro and Associates, Atlanta, GA , Mar 2001)
Presents the findings of a national survey of 1,050 public school teachers. The survey, which examines teachers' opinions regarding the relationship between interior design and academic performance, was conducted for the Carpet and Rug Institute and the International Interior Design Association Foundation. Survey results indicate that teachers from all grade levels across the country realize that a well-designed classroom enhances their ability to teach and their students' ability to learn. Results also suggest that most teachers see advantages of carpet in the classroom, particularly in regards to acoustics and comfort as well as the flexibility offered by carpet. 16p.
Effects of New Carpet Emissions on Indoor Air Quality and Human Health.
Hedge, Alan (Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 2001)
This report reviews evidence on new carpet emissions. It compares emissions data from several studies, and describes the
dominant compounds found in these emissions. The toxicity of each of these compounds is assessed for both animal and human
exposure data. Differences and similarities between health responses caused by toxicity and/or by immunological reactions are
described. Possible neurogenic pathways and associations between these and immune changes are considered. Factors affecting
human odor responses are described. The roles that a variety of psychological factors also may play in the etiology of possibly
related phenomena, such as the sick building syndrome, psychogenic illness, and multiple chemical sensitivity, are described. Gaps
in the literature are identified and suggestions for future research are offered. Based on the present information available, it is
concluded that under normal circumstances there is no evidence to suggest that emissions from new carpet pose any significant
health risk to people.
TO ORDER:
Betty Redder, Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Tel: 607-255-1957.http://128.253.253.139/carpet/AHCarpetRep.html
Building Ecology and School Design. Technical Bulletin.
(Maryland State Department of Education, School Facilities Branch, Baltimore, MD , 1995)
All aspects of construction have environmental consequences. To better understand construction's impact, an overview of building
ecology as a concept and as a decision-making model for school
systems is provided. "Building ecology" is defined as the
interrelationships among people, the built environment, and the natural
environment. It has special relevance for school design because most of
the users are children; therefore it is important that administrators fully
understand the types of materials used in building schools. A material's
energy efficiency can be important, as is the lifecycle of any material. A
decision-making model is presented, which offers a step-by-step
process for determining the best materials to use. How to choose
flooring is featured as an extended example of this process. The
environmental issues connected with various flooring such as vinyl
composition tile, linoleum flooring, carpet, terrazzo, wood flooring, and
ceramic tile are detailed. A hypothetical material selection process is
offered, along with general recommendations in choosing, installing, and
maintaining flooring. (Contains 13 references.) 10p.
ERIC NO: ED415663; TO ORDER: Maryland State Dept. of Education http://www.marylandpublicschools.org/
Carpet and Indoor Air Quality in Schools. Technical Bulletin.
(Maryland State Department of Education, School Facilities Branch, Baltimore, MD , 1993)
Ways in which carpeting can affect a school's indoor air quality (IAQ) are
discussed. Carpeting is defined as a system of components that includes pads, adhesives, floor
preparation compounds, and seam sealers. For the last several years, these products have been
increasingly scrutinized as to how they affect IAQ. Carpeting gives off volatile chemical vapors and
it is recommended that schools test for volatile organic compounds (VOC) and work to lower
these levels in the air. Other factors that school officials should consider regarding IAQ include
microbial contamination, particularly through fungi growth, and water intrusion. Some
recommended control methods involve using VOC emission data, using antimicrobial treatments,
airing new products, minimizing the use of adhesives and sealers, "baking out" new carpet by
raising the indoor temperature and then ventilating to accelerate the emission and removal of
VOCs, cleaning new carpets with a high-efficiency particulate air filtration vacuum, and providing
routine maintenance for the carpet, such as a vacuuming schedule, prompt stain removal, and
shampooing or hot-water extraction. The strengths and weaknesses of having carpeting in a school
are discussed. 9p.
ERIC NO: ED415657; TO ORDER: Maryland State Dept. of Education http://www.marylandpublicschools.org
Ecological Perspectives on a Healthful School Environment: A Delphi Study.
Miller, Norma L. Dec 1991)
Identifies critical areas of concern related to healthy school buildings. Questionnaires were sent to 53 ecologists and 11 experienced school architects. The respondents identified ten areas of concern: heating, cooling, and ventilation; pest controls; cleaning; chemicals; fragrances; site selection; lighting; remodeling; floors; and art supplies. There was no significant difference in the judgments of the ecologists and architects involved in this study. 260p.
Report NO: 9219640TO ORDER: Proquest, 300 North Zeeb Road, P.O. Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-1346; Tel: 734-761-4700, Toll Free: 800-521-0600, email: info@il.proquest.com http://wwwlib.umi.com/dxweb
The Right Flooring for Your Space.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=6457 Aker, Jenna Buildings; v102 n9 , p84,86,88 ; Sep 2008
Advises on types of resilient flooring, including vinyl, lineoleum, rubber, cork, and laminate. A chart illustrating cost, environmental friendliness, installation, care, and special features is included.
A Flooring Discussion.
http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/Media/PublicationsIssue/SCNSO08.pdf School Construction News; v11 n6 , p14-17 ; Sep-Oct 2008
Presents an interview with three flooring professionals that discusses the current rate of school flooring installation, types of products being selected, sustainability, common misconceptions over flooring types, and challenges in renovation projects.
Floor Scores.
http://asumag.com/Flooring/university_floor_scores/ Drexler, Brad American School and University; v80 n12 , p42-45 ; Jul 2008
Reviews LEED considerations for school flooring, including rubber flooring, recycled flooring, locally sourced flooring materials, and indoor air impact of flooring.
Expanding Alternatives for Resilient Flooring.
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/article.asp?id=8399&keywords=vinyl%20composition%20tile, %20rubber%20flooring,%20solid%20vinyl%20tile,%20linoleum,%20cork Capobianco, Christopher Maintenance Solutions; v16 n3 , p26,28 ; Mar 2008
Reviews composition options for resilient flooring, including vinyl composition, solid vinyl, rubber, linoleum, and cork.
Recyclable Flooring.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v11 n1 , p89-91 ; Jan 2008
Reviews the recylcability of various floor coverings, an increase in carpet recycling, and obstacles to flooring recycling.
Polished Concrete: It's All in the Finish.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/maintenance1-1207.html Schwietz, Greg American School and Hospital Facility; v30 n6 , p6,8,9 ; Nov-Dec 2007
Reviews the virtues of dyed and dry-polished concrete as a flooring choice. This materials offers attractive and durable floors at prices typically below comparably hard surfaces. Design, cost, applications, and construction techniques are illustrated with an example from the University of Arkansas Law School.
Square Roots.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/article.aspx?articleid=1648&zoneid=25 Popke, Michael Athletic Business; v31 n10 , p76,78,80,82 ; Oct 2007
Discusses modular sports flooring, which is resilient, easily maintained, less expensive than wood, and may be permanently or temporarily installed. Maintenance of these floors, their recyclability, and the benefits of modular floors to various indoor sports are covered.
What's New Underfoot?
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1548.shtm Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v46 n7 , p24,26,28,29,31,32 ; Jul 2007
Presents an interview with a school interior designer that discusses preliminary school flooring selection, regulations, cafeteria flooring, new flooring products, moisture content in the floor slab, athletic facility flooring, classroom flooring, and proper maintenance.
Floor It.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1539.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v10 n7 , p28,30,32 ; Jul 2007
Reviews the costs, advantages, and disadvantages of current options for higher education facility flooring, including resilient floors, terrazzo, polymer, and wood.
Green Floors.
Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v46 n3 , p28,30,32-34,36,38 ; Mar 2007
Reviews "green" flooring, citing the features of sustainable production, off-gassing, durability, and certification that can be factored into their selection.
Residence Hall Flooring Solutions.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1320.shtm Kollie, Ellen College Planning and Management; v10 n3 , p22,24,26,28 ; Mar 2007
Advises on floor coverings for various surfaces in dormitories, detailing issues of durability and aesthetics for rooms, common areas, and transition areas.
Study the Options.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1233.shtm Balser, Jeff; Dagger, Bob School Planning and Management; v45 10 , p26,28.30,32,34,35 ; Oct 2006
Describes the advantages of carpeting in schools, including noise reduction, impact- dampening, and improving indoor air quality by trapping contaminants. Questions to ask when selecting classroom carpeting, ten rules for classroom carpet, tips on maintaining carpet appearance are included. Also discussed is performance flooring for dance and theatre programs, including wood types, synthetics, and multipurpose flooring.
So You Think You Can Dance.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1221.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v9 n10 , p24,26,28,30 ; Oct 2006
Discusses performance flooring for dance and sport classes, citing the need to determine the main use of the room, dangers to the body from improper flooring, types of subflooring, and advice on installation including moisture tests, job site conditions, material storage, and color matching.
New Flooring — Without Snags
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=5221 Gray, Abigail Building Operating Management; Sep 2006
This provides five basic tips that can help the facility manager choose the right floorcovering for a space.
Tread Carefully.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Popke, Michael Athletic Business; v30 n9 , p76-80,82,83 ; Sep 2006
Discusses flooring options for locker and shower areas. Aesthetics, safety, maintainability, cost, and sustainability are considered in this discussion of tile, poured epoxy, concrete, ruber, vinyl, acrylic, and carpet.
Floored.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1144.shtm Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v45 n5 , p24,26,28,30 ; May 2006
Discusses the costs, properties, and maintenance procedures for rubber and carpeting as flooring options in schools.
Power to the People.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1136.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v9 n5 , p26,30-32 ; May 2006
Describes the benefits of cellular flooring systems to schools. Delivery of electrical, data, and HVAC services through raised floors allows more flexibility, along with improved fire safety and environmental benefits. Raised floors are typically more expensive to install than conventional floors, but costs are recovered with savings realized at each move or reconfiguration of the space.
Greening the Floor.
Schollian, Emily School Planning and Management; v45 n4 , pG30,G31 ; Apr 2006
Describes terrazzo's contribution to school environmental quality as a zero-emissions product that can also contain considerable recycled content.
Carpet's Hidden Benefits.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1042.shtm Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v9 n1 , p20,21 ; Jan 2006
Discusses the cushioning and noise reduction benefits of carpet, and provides information on carpet density, sound transmission, and impact noise rating.
Choosing Flooring is a Lot Like Learning to Drive.
Kollie, Ellen College Planning and Management; v8 n12 , p25-27 ; Dec 2005
Offers advice on assessing owner preference, possible donor preference, commitment to maintenance, and the architect's role in floor selection for academic facilities.
Carpet Elevates Image of 21st-Century Learning Environments.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1038.shtm Yazdani, Mehrdad; Bittner, Rick School Planning and Management; v44 n12 , p21,22,24 ; Dec 2005
Discusses teacher preference for carpeting in classrooms, expected increases in modular carpeting installation in schools, school facility managers' carpet feature preferences, and sophisticated design and color features currently available in carpet.
Keeping Carpet Clean.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_keeping_carpet_clean/ West, Jeff American School and University; v78 n1 , p36,38,40 ; Sep 2005
Discusses elements to be considered when selecting carpet, including fiber type, construction, dye type, color, pattern, installation, and maintenance. A cleaning program is outlined that includes soil prevention, vacuuming, soil lifting techniques, and spot removal.
A Three-Step Plan to Selecting the Right Flooring.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/964.shtm Trick-Eckert, Tricia College Planning and Management; v8 n8 , p40,43,44 ; Aug 2005
Proposes a three-step process for floor selection: 1) Consider the objective of the space and how it will be used. 2) Consider the project life-cycle and budget. 3) Consider the desirable aesthetics for the space.
Resilient Flooring.
Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v44 n6 , p30,33,34 ; Jun 2005
Discusses PVC, linoleum, cork, non-chlorinated polymer, and rubber floors, comparing their first costs, maintenance requirements, life expectancies, and the manner in which they wear.
The Hard Way.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/900.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v8 n3 , p20,22,23 ; Mar 2005
Describes vinyl, rubber, terrazzo, resin, and wood flooring, their histories, and their maintenance requirements.
Flooring in High-Traffic Zones.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/883.shtm Neff, Tom School Planning and Management; v44 n3 , p26,28.30,32 ; Mar 2005
Discusses flooring considerations in these areas, including location, activity conducted on the floor, cost, lifespan, maintenance, and varieties of flooring available.
Flooring for Tough Spaces.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/869.shtm Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v8 n1 , p26,27 ; Jan 2005
Describes flooring considerations for kitchens, laboratories, and industrial arts areas. Durability, traction, and cleanability are the major considerations. Seamless surfaces are favored, as there are no cracks that can retain particles, and floors that do not require waxing and stripping will reduce chemical use and financial outlays.
Laying Down the Facts about Modular Carpeting.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/803.shtm Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v42 n12 , p23,24,26 ; Dec 2004
Ennumerates the virtues of carpet tile, emphasizing its decorative and wayfinding advantages, along with its ease of installation, cleaning, and replacement. The heavily constructed tiles are generally more expensive than broadloom carpet, but installation is easier and generates less waste material.
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Flooring.
School Planning and Management; v43 n7 , pF6 ; Jul 2004
Provides guidance in assessing the life expectancy and costs of ownership for flooring. Consideration of factors such as suitability for the area, years of use, maintenance, and cost of removal at replacement time help determine the best value.
Creative Floorcovering Installation Techniques.
Babich, Bob School Planning and Management; v43 n7 , pF8 ; Jul 2004
Recommends use of wide, standardized border treatments with flooring in academic offices and student housing, allowing the open space in the center to be changed over according to the tastes of the occupant. This also allows the quicker-wearing center space to be replaced without recovering the entire room, or moving furniture that is placed against the walls.
A Floor for All.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_floor/ Strahle, Julie American School and University; v76 n11 , p23,25,26,28 ; Jun 2004
Recommends a floor selection process that considers how the space will be used, the furniture that will be on it, maintenance requirements, repairability, budget, and aesthetics.
Knowing Their Stuff.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/673.shtm Rittner-Heir, Robbin School Planning and Management; v43 n5 , p26,28,30,32 ; May 2004
Describes unsatisfactory conditions for the installation of flooring and emphasizes the selection of installation professionals who are thoroughly trained and certified. Even installers with experience will need to demonstrate training for new materials and adhesives.
Maintaining Your Cover.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_maintaining_cover/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v76 n9 , p32,34,36 ; Apr 2004
Discusses appropriateness of carpet and hard flooring in different school areas and the significance of choosing environmentally friendly products. With whatever surface is chosen, it is essential to understand and commit to its proper care.
Sports Floors Go Green.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/642.shtm Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v7 n3 , p36-39 ; Mar 2004
Discusses sustainable wood and synthetic sports flooring options. Wood floors should be of FSC(Forest Stewardship Council)-certified wood. Synthetic and composite flooring should consists of low-VOC materials and/or sustainably produced rubber.
Buying the Best Sustainable Flooring.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/589.shtm Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v43 n1 , p63-65 ; Jan 2004
Describes the attributes of sustainable flooring in a question-and-answer format. Issues considered are the material source, manufacturing technique, installation, off-gassing, maintenance, durability, and disposability.
Cutting Carpet Waste.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/582.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v7 n1 , p72-74 ; Jan 2004
Describes the extraordinary amount of carpet in landfills today and industry efforts to reduce the amount. Recycling and using old carpet as fuel are alternatives.
Rolling Out the Carpet.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/593.shtm Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v6 n12 , p25-26 ; Dec 2003
Describes improvements in carpet that make it more durable, cleanable, and appropriate in educational settings. Comparisons of cleaning and replacement costs between hard flooring and carpeting are discussed.
Getting Beneath the Surface.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_getting_beneath_surface/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v76 n1 , p36,39-40 ; Sep 2003
Provides guidance on choosing between various floor coverings, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of carpet, wood, tile and terrazzo flooring.
Life Cycle Costing. Controlling Total Flooring Costs Means Considering All Angles.
Architecture Magazine; , 4p. ; May 2003
This article covers life cycle comparison and more accurate budgeting through life cycle analysis of flooring materials. Key points include: comparison of the performance characteristics of rubber, vinyl, and carpet; whether low initial cost products deliver long-term value; and variables to consider when making an accurate life cycle cost analysis.
Scientific Data Dispels "Urban Myths."
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/519.shtm Braun, Werner School Planning and Management; v42 n5 , p22,24,26-27 ; May 2003
Presents research evidence in support of the contention that carpet holds and traps allergens in the fiber, effectively keeping them out of the breathing zone until they can be removed with an environmentally friendly vacuum. Emphasizes that schools are no less healthy if they have carpet.
Goodbye Carpets, Hello Hard Floors.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/440.shtm Dolan, Thomas G. School Planning and Management; v42 n4 , p22-26 ; Apr 2003
Describes the pros and cons of three broad categories of hard flooring: terrazzo, architectural finishes, and resilient flooring. Includes a sidebar on floor maintenance.
Flooring: What Goes Where?
Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v6 n3 , p22-24 ; Mar 2003
Offers advice on choosing between carpet or vinyl tile (VCT) for college buildings, including issues such as maintenance, acoustics, safety, and aesthetics.
The Way the Ball Bounces.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_ball_bounces/ Rush, Richard D. American School and University; v75 n3 , p374-75 ; Nov 2002
Discusses choosing the right floor for an athletic facility based on the types of games that will be played there and the age of the players.
35 Years and Counting.
Ellis, Tom School Planning and Management; v41 n10 , p24-26 ; Oct 2002
Describes the durability and other benefits of a carpeting with vinyl cushion backing, Powerbond, used at Prospect Valley Elementary School in Wheat Ridge, Colorado.
Dispelling the Myths.
Sain, Tony School Planning and Management; v41 n10 , p29-32 ; Oct 2002
Attempts to dispel four "myths" about sheet vinyl flooring: it emits toxic fumes and poses a health/safety risk; it is a low-class, unstylish flooring option; it is less friendly to the environment; and there are many kinds of flooring that match its durability and cost effectiveness.
Great Planes.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Steinbach, Paul Athletic Business; v26 n7 , p82-86 ; Jul 2002
Details advances over the past 25 years in the technology involved in athletic surfaces, including natural turf, synthetic turf, hardwood floors, tracks, tennis courts, and ice sheets. [Free registration required.]
Is Your Flooring Sustainable?
Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v5 n3 , p40-43 ; Mar 2002
Presents an interview with a floor company's marketing director discussing a seminar on LEED 2.0 (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) standards offered by the firm.
Solid Footing.
Franzen, Mark; Gorrell, Kyle School Planning and Management; v41 n1 , p92-95 ; Jan 2002
Based on one school district's experience, discusses raised access flooring systems for schools. Addresses the nuts and bolts of such flooring systems, integrating an air delivery system below the flooring, advantages of floor-level air supply, and design issues.
The Real Dirt on Carpets.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/350.shtm Lang, Susan S. School Planning and Management; v40 n12 , p15-16 ; Dec 2001
Argues that carpets do not contribute to student complaints of respiratory problems, allergies, and asthma as long as they are properly cleaned with high-efficiency microfiltration bags. Discusses contributions to mite problems made by smooth floor covering compared to carpeting.
Against the Grain.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Steinbach, Paul Athletic Business; v25 n11 , p73-74,76-77,80-81 ; Nov 2001
Assesses the benefits of using synthetic surfaces as an alternative to hardwood flooring in multipurpose gymnasiums. Explores such issues as durability, flexibility, and ease of installation. [Free registration required.]
Life Cycle Costing of Interior Materials for Florida's Schools.
Moussatche, Helena; Languel, Jennifer Facilities ; v19 n10 , p333 - 343 ; Oct 2001
The tight schedule of developing, designing, and managing educational facilities limits the time and resources needed to correctly assess the full cost of building materials. As a result, the selection of interior finishing materials is commonly driven solely by initial cost. This study evaluates interior floor materials currently available for use in K-12 educational facilities in the State of Florida. The range of materials chosen for the comparison encompasses common flooring materials installed over appropriate sub-floor materials. The flooring alternatives are evaluated using a service life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis based on the 50-year service life specified by the Florida Department of Education. A net present worth (NPW) analysis that includes initial costs, operation and maintenance costs, and replacement costs of each selection is used to evaluate the materials. Interior floorings initial cost, replacement cost, service life, and operations and maintenance costs are compared to the materials resulting. [Authors' abstract]
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Selection and Care of Resilient Flooring
Pearce, Paul A.; Erisman, Thomas C. The Construction Specifier; v54 n10 , p27-30 ; Oct 2001
Discusses the selection and care of the most common categories of resilient flooring, including linoleum, vinyl sheet flooring, vinyl composition tile, and specialty flooring. Covers pre-installation and post-installation coatings, as well as sealers and polishes.
Carpet in Schools: Myth and Reality
http://asbointl.org/ASBO/files/ Chan, T.J.; Richardson, Michael D.; Jording, Cathy School Business Affairs; v67 n6 , p19-22 ; Jun 2001
Concludes that as a floor covering in schools, carpeting has strengths and weaknesses. Recommends that decisions on carpet use be made with students and educational programs in mind. Includes guidelines to assist in carpet installation decisions. Provides tips for keeing carpets dry.
Carpet: Creating a Better Learning Environment.
College Planning and Management; v4 n5 , p29,31-34,36-38 ; May 2001
Discusses how carpeting is a key factor in providing comfort, safety, acoustical enhancement, temperature control, and natural lighting enhancement for schools. Tips for choosing the right carpet and carpet maintenance are provided.
Sports Floor Flavors.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v4 n5 , p47-49 ; May 2001
Discusses how athletic facility directors can select the right sports surface material and design for their facilities. Several flooring surface characteristics are highlighted.
Buyers' Guide & Who's Who Directory, 2001-02.
American School and University; v73 n7 , p1- ; Mar 2001
Presents a comprehensive directory supplies and products for businesses and educational facilities including contact information. Also contained are an alphabetical list of educational facility design professionals (by region), a list of educational associations, and a calendar of major education trade shows.
Tips for Carpeting Your Student Union Building.
Barbacci, Diann College Planning and Management; v4 n3 , p40,42 ; Mar 2001
Presents guidelines for enhancing the investment value of carpeting in student union buildings, foyers and hallways, administrative offices, cafeterias and food courts, and recreation areas. Color coordination is briefly discussed.
Making the Grade.
http://athleticbusiness.com/articles/ Dahlgren, Sally Athletic Business; v24 n11 , p77-78,80-82,84 ; Nov 2000
Explains the importance of choosing wood flooring for athletic facilities and why the grade of wood specified can significantly impact sports-facility aesthetics. The three types of wood grades are explained along with thoughts on why choosing the priciest grade may not be satisfactory. [Free registration required.]
The Bottom Line For Air Quality.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_bottom_line_air/ Ellis, Tom American School and University; v73 n3 , p410-412 ; Nov 2000
Discusses how the right type of flooring can help schools reduce indoor-air-quality problems. Using vinyl composition flooring to handle moisture and reduce fungi growth is examined as are the benefits of vinyl cushion tufted textile flooring for cost effectiveness, learning environment improvement, installation, and effectiveness in emergencies.
Carpet Considerations
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/Oct00/oct00interior.shtml Bigger, Alan; Bigger, Linda Maintenance Solutions Online; Oct 2000
Examines the use of carpet in a growing number of applications. Discusses carpets' durability, ease of maintenance, capacity for flexible installation, ability to meet special needs, and also its ability to add value such as color and acoustic properties. Also discusses life-cycle costs and equipment issues.
From Classroom to Courtside: Extending the Benefits of Carpet in Schools.
Sellers, Kathryn School Planning and Management; v39 n10 , pAF2-AF3 ; Oct 2000
Discusses the use of carpeting in athletic facilities, why it is a good idea, how it would look, and cleaning and maintenance issues.
Behind the Seams.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_behind_seams/ Watt, W. Bradford American School and University; v72 n11 , p52-54 ; Jul 2000
Discusses the use of seamless flooring in areas where cleanliness, waterproofing, and slip resistance are emphasized. Areas such as locker rooms, restrooms, kitchens and cafeterias, lobbies and hallways, multipurpose-rooms, and walkways are considered.
The Sports Floor Score.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/55.shtm Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v3 n5 , p41-42 ; May 2000
Discusses the issues to be considered when replacing an old gymnasium floor with a new. Issues involving aesthetics, safety, maintenance, and costs are addressed.
Carpeting Creates a Better Learning Environment [Carpet and Rug Institute Supplement].
School Planning and Management; v39 n4 , 15p. ; Apr 2000
Discusses the benefits of carpet in the classroom; carpet maintenance vs. cleaning; step-by-step guide to life-cycle costing; and balancing the indoor air quality equation.
Carpeting's Top Tips.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/44.shtm College Planning and Management; v3 n3 , p46-49 ; Mar 2000
Provides 11 tips on how to effectively buy, install, and maintain campus carpeting. An example of carpeting and maintenance specifications used at Worcester Polytechnic Institute are highlighted.
What's New Underfoot--Seen and Unseen?
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/146.shtm Sellers, Kathryn College Planning and Management; v2 n12 , p36-39 ; Dec 1999
Reviews the latest styles and the most up-to-date products available in carpeting for educational facilities. Deciding on which carpeting to buy by looking into a carpet's unseen benefits is discussed, as are the carpet's ability to promote indoor environmental health and carpet selection for high travel areas.
Whats New Underfoot?
School Planning and Management; v38 n6 , p39-40 ; Jun 1999
Discusses new trends in school carpeting that can help add a warmer,
friendlier, and less institutional look to the indoor environment, including
benefits in maintaining air quality control. Carpet selection guidelines for
educational facilities are provided.
Carpet Goes to School
Ellis, Tom Contract Design; v41 n6 , p84+ ; Jun 1999
Feature article on standards for rugs and carpets in schools.
Is Rubber Flooring Right for Your Facility?
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/124.shtm Pillard, Jerry College Planning and Management; v2 n6 ; Jun 1999
Discusses the benefits of rubber flooring for college fitness areas and what to look for when buying it. Money savings tips when selecting rubber flooring are discussed.
Athletics from the Ground Up: Selecting a Surface To Play On.
Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v37 n12 , p25-28 ; Dec 1998
Discusses flooring options for high school gymnasiums and the issues to consider when selecting flooring in light of the new sports activities now available. Explanations of how schools decided on whether to buy synthetic or wood flooring are provided.
The Finish Line.
Cohen, Andrew Athletic Business; v22 n11 ; Nov 1998
Details what is expected in a good floor finish for athletic facilities, and explores the different categories of finishes and their content within the context of environmental regulation and manufacturing standards. It also discusses urethane finishings, the debate over using waterbased finishes, and the influence of regulatory control that may affect finish purchase decisions.
Beneath the Surface.
Cohen, Andrew Athletic Business; v22 n9 , p56-58,60-62,64,66 ; Sep 1998
Discusses wood flooring components for athletic facilities, what materials make up these floors, and how they affect a floor's performance once installed. The pros and cons of anchored versus floating systems are examined, including the issue of moisture resistance. Also discussed is the influence of Deutsches Institut fur Normans (DIN) standards on floor manufacturing.
Proper Installation Improves Carpet Life.
Grogan, Ralph School Planning and Management; v37 i6 , p27,30-31 ; Jun 1998
Explains how proper carpet installation can add to carpet life, including
tips to consider before signing a carpet installation purchasing
agreement that can make the new carpet a better investment. Topics
cover how color selection lengthens appearance life, the need for
moisture testing, the importance of carpet seams in the purchasing
process, and tips for maintenance planning.
Better Safe Than Sorry.
Wilson, Walter E. School Planning & Management; v36 n12 , p36,38 ; Dec 1997
Describes the use of nonslip flooring in educational facilities to reduce
fall injuries and litigation costs. Discussions include the influence of the
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, regulatory considerations, and a
brief litigation overview. A comparison chart of nonslip flooring surface
performance is provided.
Something's Underfoot.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_somethings_underfoot/ Morrow, Hugh American School and University; v70 n2 , p31-34 ; Oct 1997
Examines the decision-making factors when selecting school flooring.
Areas to consider include what the area being covered is used for and
the flooring's life-cycle costing. Suggestions on the types of flooring to
consider are offered as are tips on buying flooring made of recycled
materials and considerations for making the best overall flooring
selection.
Thinking Green.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_thinking_green/ Spoor, Dana L. American School and University; v69 n8 , p36-38 ; Apr 1997
Discusses a proactive approach to maintaining and improving the indoor
environment through proper purchasing, maintaining, and recycling of
carpeting. Considerations regarding vinyl asbestos tile removal and
abatement are also discussed.
How To Make an Educated Carpet Choice.
Wise, Kathryn School Planning and Management; v36 n3 , p18 ; Mar 1997
Carpeting helps prevent falls, absorbs sound, reduces fatigue, and adds
warmth to a school environment. New technologies make carpet more
stain- and wear-resistant than it was only a few years ago.
Don't Give 'Em the Slip.
Cohen, Andrew Athletic Business; v18 n10 , p53-56 ; Oct 1994
Discusses the selection criteria for athletic facility locker room flooring that will provide safety, ease of maintenance, cost savings. Comparative comments are provided on ceramic tile, carpeting, epoxy quartz, coated concrete, rubber flooring, flow-thru tile, and terrazzo.
Carpet vs. Hard Surface Floors: Studies Compare Health Effects of Each.
Schmidt, Edward A. (School Business Affairs, Jul 1994) School Business Affairs; v60 n7 , p20-22 ; Jul 1994
This article looks at studies that compare the health effect of carpet and
hard surface floors. Concludes that carpet is appropriate for use in
schools when it is properly maintained.
Right from the Start--Constructing a Healthy School.
Oetzel, Mary (School Business Affairs, Jun 1994) School Business Affairs; v60 n6 , p4-8,10-11 ; Jun 1994
A new high school in Stillwater, Minnesota, was completed in June 1993
with the objectives of creating a safe indoor environment, minimizing
health risks to construction workers, and avoiding a negative impact on
the environment. Lists the guidelines used to evaluate products and
methods. Displays the findings of five school systems regarding the
costs of various school floor coverings.
Tough Rubber.
Schmid, Sue Athletic Business; v18 n5 , p49,52 ; May 1994
Describes the benefits of using rubber floor coverings in a gym's free-weight and cardiovascular equipment areas. Tips on purchasing rubber floor are highlighted as is an annotated list of suppliers and their rubber flooring products.
Carpet in Schools
http://www.carpet-schools.com/ The Carpet and Rug Institute is a non-profit trade association for the carpet and rug industry. Their
website contains information on indoor air quality, carpet selection, allergy issues,
maintenance, acoustics, and other issues.
Dave Spreen's Flooring Resources
http://www.humboldt1.com/~dspreen/ This commercial Web site features links to flooring resources by
categories including over 30 flooring associations; 41related online
magazines; contractors/designers/installers; carpet, laminates, wood,
and tile manufacturers, etc.
Wood Floors Online.com
http://www.woodfloorsonline.com/ Comprehensive source on everything to do with wood floors, including
product choices, styles, trends, manufacturers, related sites. Good
information on sports floors.
Athletic Facilities Design http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/athletic_facilities.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on the planning and design of school and university sports and recreation facilities, both indoor and outdoor.
Healthy School Environments http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/healthy_schools.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on healthy and environmentally safe school facilities. See also NCEF Resource Lists on Indoor Air Quality, Hazardous Materials, Green Cleaning, Pesticides and IPM, Mold in Schools, and more.
School Cleaning and Maintenance Practices http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/cleaning.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on custodial standards and procedures, equipment, safety, and product directories for the cleaning and maintenance of schools and colleges.
School Flooring Cleaning and Maintenance
http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/floor_care.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on the cleaning and maintenance of floors and carpets in school and campus facilities.
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