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SCHOOL FURNISHINGS NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on the selection, safety, ergonomics, and maintenance of school and campus furniture. 
Learning Journeys, Moving Towards Designs for New Learning Spaces: Two Truths and a Suggestion.
http://www.bcse.uk.net/downloads//69A_Learning_Journey.pdf (British Council for School Environments, London, United Kingdom , 2007)
Discusses how educational space should reflect the pedagogy, the role of flexible furniture in learning spaces, and how boundaries between formal and informal learning spaces should be blurred. 19p.
Beware of the Sitting Trap in Learning and Schooling.
http://www.designshare.com/index.php/articles/sitting-trap/ Breithecker, D. 2006)
Reviews the necessity of movement in children to promote learning, presenting concepts of "active-dynamic" sitting and advocating furniture that accommodates dynamic load shifts in the body. 4p.
Equipping and Furnishing Early Childhood Facilities. Community Investment Collaborative for Kids Resource Guide Volume 3.
http://www.lisc.org/content/publications/detail/813 (Local Initiatives Support Corporation, Community Investment Collaborative for Kids, New York, NY , Jun 2005)
Provides guidance to help select and arrange classroom furniture and equipment to create a child-safe and child-friendly, as well as functional and attractive physical environment. The guide focuses on programs serving children from infancy through preschool, and emphasizes equipment and layout of space to support the development of young children. It offers a step-by- step plan, beginning with an empty room and proceeding through room layout, various activity areas, and the equipment and furnishings that should accompany each area. 38p.
Enjoying School, Fun in Learning.
http://www.bag-haltungundbewegung.de/fileadmin/bag/binary/BAG2_Enjoying_0302_E.pdf Breithecker, Dieter (Federal Working Group for Posture and Mobilization Support, Wiesbaden, Germany , 2005)
Reviews the adverse health effects of excessive sitting by children in German schools, mostly in inappropriate furniture. Types of ergonomically correct chairs and desks are reviewed, including swivelling and flexible chairs, standing desks, and movable cabinets. A plan to test the the positive developmental effects of movement and "dynamic sitting" in class is detailed. 10p.
The Educational Workplace: What the "Classroom of the Future" Will Look Like.
http://www.bag-haltungundbewegung.de/fileadmin/bag/binary/BAG-Endbericht-k_US.pdf Breithecker, Dieter (Federal Working Group for Posture and Mobilization Support, Wiesbaden, Germany , 2005)
Presents the results of a German study that used interventions to test the impact of ergonomic improvements in elementary school students. The four-year experiment provided the test group with ergonomically designed furniture that permitted movement within the desk-chair configuration. When compared to the control group, which did not receive the furniture, the test group demonstrated better posture, chest and spine development, and better performance on concentration tests. 11p.
Furniture for Libraries.
http://www.librisdesign.org/docs/FurnitureLibraries.pdf Graham, Carole (Libris DESIGN, funded by The Institute of Museum and Library Services , 2005)
This discusses the library furniture program, procurement methods, furniture selection, materials selection, furniture types, and furniture installation. Includes a glossary of furniture terminology and further sources of information.
Furniture Selection: Part of an Integrated Design Process.
http://www.schoolfacilities.com/_coreModules/content/contentDisplay.aspx?contentID=1997 Hill, Franklin (Schoolfacilities.com , 2005)
Recommends coordination of furniture selection with the school design process, as specific arrangements of furniture are typically envisioned at the design stage. Table and seating configurations are illustrated. 3p.
Outdoor Bleachers.
http://www.schoolclearinghouse.org/pubs/OUTDOOR%20BLEACHERS.pdf (North Carolina State Board of Education, Raleigh. , Aug 2003)
Plans for permanent bleachers (consisting of five or more rows of seats) purchased and installed for use on K-12 athletic/play fields must be reviewed by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction's (NCDPI) School Planning Section of the School Support Division. Bleachers may be purchased by local school boards as part of a regular new school, addition or renovation project, or stand-alone bleacher project, designed by a North Carolina licensed architect and/or engineer and submitted to School Planning for review in the normal process. They may also be purchased through the North Carolina Division of Purchase and Contract. School Planning is always required to review the plans. Structural designs for pre-engineered structures or systems used for school projects are often incomplete when bid documents are completed. Conditional certificates of review that allow mobilization and site preparation to begin prior to completion of final structural designs can be issued following review of bid documents. Project reviews are completed and certificates of review issued upon certification to School Planning that foundations and other structural systems have been designed or reviewed and approved by North Carolina registered structural engineers. This report presents NCDPI planning section recommendations, codes and design standards, NC Accessibility Code Volume I-C, and National Fire Protection Association requirements. 10p.
Guidelines: General Recommendations for Computer Use
http://www.education.umn.edu/kls/ecee/guidelines.html (Ergonomics for Children & Educational Environments. A Technical Committee of the International Ergonomics Association, Jul 2003)
These guidelines incorporate basic ergonomic principles into all aspects of computer use in schools and at home. Through text and photographs, it recommends the position of students in relation to the keyboard/mouse height. There is also a discussion of the use of laptops by children and young adults.
Furniture for the Future. New Ideas for Tomorrow's Classroom.
(Dept. for Education and Skills; Design Council, London, England , 2003)
The British Design Council gave three teams of designers and manufacturers the challenge of producing innovative yet cost-effective school furniture that creates better learning experiences for pupils. In this publication, the teams explain the processes that led to three very different concepts including a radical reworking of the traditional classroom chair and table (featuring a swivel seat which orbits around an adjustable table); a unique primary school table that is easy to stack and group and can be adjusted to suit pupils of different heights; and a multi-purpose workbench that allows pupils to write, sketch, and carry out practical work in the same place. Extensively illustrated throughout, the publication also features examples of learning environments and resources from around the world. 64p.
TO ORDER:
Design Council, 34 Bow Street, London WC2E 7DL, United Kingdom. Tel: 44-020-7420-5200.http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/
Adjustable Tables and Chairs Correct Posture and Lower Muscle Tension and Pain in High School Students
http://www.education.umn.edu/kls/ecee/pdfs/iea2003hanninen.pdf Hanninen, Osmo; Koskelo, Reijo (Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland, 2003)
This study compares the effects of traditional non-adjustable and new adjustable school tables and chairs on the sitting and standing postures, muscle tension and pain levels as well as the learning success of during the three high school years when the growth of students reaches the adult measures. The results support the necessity of ergonomic approach in furniture planning of school classes and individual adjustment possibility of tables and chairs. 4p.
Kit for Purpose - Design to Deliver Creative Learning.
http://www.design-council.org.uk/webdav/servlet/XRM?Page/@id=6016&Session/@id=D (Design Council, London, United Kingdom , Oct 2002)
Proposes ways to redesign the tools and resources of learning, and the systems of procurement, to raise academic achievement and support a 21st-century curriculum in Great Britain. The report describes the consequences of poorly designed and poor quality educational furnishings and resources. It proposes three different approaches to solving the problem by: linking the design of learning tools to educational outcomes, employing an interdisciplinary and participatory partnership approach, and linking policy and practice to adapt government guidance, regulation, control, and funding to meet the needs of a changing school system. 107p.
Ergonomic Evaluation of the KinderZeat Child Seat in a Preschool Setting.
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/ErgoPROJECTS/DEA4702002/KZProject/KZ%20StudyReportMay02.pdf (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY , 2002)
Evaluates the mobility of preschool children using the Kinderzeat, a Norwegian-manufactured high chair. While seated in Kinderzeats with and without footrests, the subjects were presented with "games" that evaluated maximum and convenient seated reach, task persistence, postural stability, fidgeting, and dismount from the chair. 17p.
School Chairs for Developing Countries: Designing for Strength and Durability, Simplicity, and Ease of Construction.
http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/fnr/woodlab/SF070501.pdf Eckelman, C.; Erdil, Y.; Haviarova, E (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN , 2002)
Presents a structurally sound, durable, aesthetically pleasing, and ergonomically correct school chair design that is easily assembled using round mortise and tenon construction. The chair requires only a table saw and drill press, and can be constructed of small parts that can typically be machined from sawmill waste. The results of load tests, and formulas for calculating strength, stress, and load are provided. 21p.
Reorganizing Primary Classroom Learning.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Hastings, Nigel; Wood, Karen Chantrey (Open University Press, Philadelphia, PA , 2002)
This book addresses the issue of classroom organization in primary education, explaining evidence that it asserts should prompt primary schools to re-think the contexts in which children are expected to concentrate and learn. New ways of arranging classrooms are illustrated through case studies of teachers who take a flexible and strategic approach to the organization of learning. These are intended to demonstrate how children's attention and behavior can benefit from creating a better match between working contexts and tasks. Suggestions and resources are provided to help teachers review how they and their children work, and to plan and evaluate ways of using their classrooms more effectively to support learning. 152p.
ERIC NO: ED475082 ; ISBN-0335207316
Juvenile Computer Seating Design Recommendations and Analogs
http://www.education.umn.edu/kls/ecee/pdfs/JuvenileComputerSeating_Herring.pdf Herring, Donald (Faculty of Industrial Design, Arizona State University, Tempe., 2002)
This children's anthropometry and seating study addresses the need to provide ergonomically designed and appropriately sized adjustable seating to interface with the computer workstations and accommodate physical growth. 6p.
Home Workstation Ergonomics for the Online Learner
Rude-Parkins, Carolyn (In G. Richards (Ed.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education , 2002)
This presentation reports on a study that attempted to understand more about the conditions under which distance education students are working. It reviews the parameters already established for office-based workers, and applies them to the home distance-learning space. The focus of this study is physical ergonomics, as opposed to cognitive or organizational ergonomics or human factors. The factors of interest include specifications for the workstation desk, seating, computer monitor, keyboard and mouse, room lighting, and room environment. The presentation shares results of a survey of students in virtual university courses. The students rated conditions of their workstation related to five factors and identified their perception of the importance of each factor. The presentation includes an ergonomics checklist intended to be shared with distance learners. [Author's abstract]
p2115-2118
TO ORDER:
Education & Information Technology Libraryhttp://www.editlib.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Reader.ViewAbstract&paper_id=9827
Educational Environments.
Yee, Roger (Visual Reference Publications, Inc., New York, NY. , 2002)
This book presents examples of the United States' most innovative new educational facilities for decision makers developing educational facilities of the future. The projects in this book are visual evidence of how a number of the United States' top architecture and design firms are meeting the challenge of constructing learning spaces with creativity and vision. The architecture and interior design featured in the book illustrate how educational facilities create a value for their owners, making long-term investments in building products, interior furnishings, and technological infrastructure to establish enduring physical assets that optimize life cycle costs. The book concludes with "Can Johnny Compute?" (Roger Yee), which discusses the need for a massive and very expensive overhaul needed to make U.S. schools competitive in the new millennium. 283p.
ERIC NO: ED480104 ; ISBN-1-58471-06106 TO ORDER: Visual Reference Publications, Inc., 302 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10001; Tel: 212-279-7000 http://www.visualreference.com/
Learning Without Pain. Ergonomics Prevents Injuries.
(Healthy Schools Network, Inc., Albany, NY, Sep 2001)
This fact sheet provides basic information to parents and school staff on using ergonomic practices to prevent computer and back-pack related stresses or injuries. 2p.
TO ORDER:
Healthy Schools Network, Inc., 773 Madison Avenue, Albany, NY 12208; Tel: 518-462-0632.http://www.healthyschools.org
Guidelines for Retrofitting Bleachers.
http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/pubuse.html (Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC , 2001)
This brochure offers guidance on bleacher retrofitting to prevent falls, and it suggests follow-up inspections and maintenance practices. Bleacher styles are described. Descriptions are provided of deaths, injuries, and hazards associated with bleachers. An appendix presents an overview of current code and standards requirements for guardrails and openings in bleachers and grandstands. 16p.
Report NO: CPSC-R-330
Classrooms and Computers: An Elementary School Case Study
http://www.education.umn.edu/kls/ecee/pdfs/C.Bennett.ISOES.fn.doc_.pdf Bennett, Cheryl (Proceedings of the International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety XV Annual Conference, Fairfax, Virginia, USA, International Society for Occupational Ergonomics and Safety. , 2001)
Children now use computers throughout their education. As schools have focused on purchasing computers and providing internet access, there has been little consideration of ergonomics. Even if educators and school administrators acknowledge students would benefit from better ergonomics, they may assume it is too expensive or not know where to begin. This paper describes the processes used to implement low cost ergonomic improvements and provide training for teachers, staff and students in an elementary school. 10p.
Federal Working Group on the Development of Posture and Exercise on the Ergonomic Design of Pupils' Work Places.
http://www.bag-haltungundbewegung.de/fileadmin/bag/binary/ergonomics_children.pdf Breithecker, Dieter (Federal Working Group for Posture and Mobilization Support, Wiesbaden, Germany , 2001)
Explains a child's need for movement, the health hazards of having them sit still for long periods of time, and how typical furniture works against principles of healthy movement. Advice on selection and proper adjustment of school desks and chairs is included, with attention to a configuration that encourages and follows a child's natural movement. 5p.
Classroom Spaces That Work. Strategies for Teachers Series.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070418111752 Clayton, Marlynn K. (Northeast Foundation for Children, Greenfield, MA , 2001)
Creating a physical environment that is organized, welcoming, and well-suited to the needs of students and
teachers can present a challenge to both beginning and experienced teachers. Based on the responsive classroom approach,
this guide for educators of kindergarten through grade 6 is designed to help teachers set up physical spaces that are
conducive to effective learning and teaching. Following an introduction, chapter 1 examines ways to make the classroom fit the
range of physical sizes in the group, accommodate children with special needs, and support students' developmental needs.
Chapter 2 presents strategies for developing and maintaining an orderly and predictable classroom, including furniture, storage
space, clustered work areas, and a personal space for each student. Chapter 3 focuses on the design of the whole-group
meeting area of the classroom. Chapter 4 examines how furniture, materials, and storage spaces can be set up for active
learning. Chapter 5 presents ways classroom displays can be used as a teaching tool. Chapter 6 discusses how to create
ambience in a classroom. Chapter 7 deals with avoiding health hazards in the classroom. The book concludes by suggesting
that small, simple changes in classroom design can have dramatic effects and that it is important to have a flexible attitude about
classroom design and to share ownership of classroom design changes with students. 192p.
ERIC NO: ED452990 ; TO ORDER: Northeast Foundation for Children, 71 Montague City Road, Greenfield, MA 01301; Tel: 800-360-6332. http://www.responsiveclassroom.org
A Survey Study of Elementary Classroom Seating Designs.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Patton, James E.; Snell, Jennifer; Knight, Willis J.; Gerken, Kathryn (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists, Washington, DC. , 2001)
This paper presents the results of a two-part study that investigated classroom
seating design preferences among elementary classroom teachers. In part one, the researchers
mapped and classified seating arrangements that were in actual use across 294 regular
classrooms (grades K-5) in 21 public elementary schools. Subsequently, the researchers asked
138 elementary regular classroom teachers (grades K-5) to describe, in a survey, the occasions
and their rationales for the seating designs they typically employed. In contrast to outcomes from
research conducted a decade ago, and irrespective of grade level and school socioeconomic
status, results showed that small group cluster designs were now used pervasively (i.e., in 76
percent of observed classrooms, and by 94 percent of surveyed respondents), apparently
because many contemporary teachers believe that this type of seating arrangement contributes
directly to students' educational growth through the effects of socially facilitated learning. The
study did not specifically address the validity of this belief, but it did yield a number of relevant,
testable propositions. 8p.
ERIC NO: ED454194 ;
Tips for Furnishing the Learning Environment.
http://www.earlychildhood.com/articles/index.cfm?FuseAction=Article&A=201&PrintVersion=38 Dorrell, Angie; Sigsbee, Mike (Earlychildhood.com , Nov 2000)
This paper presents advice on what questions to ask and what points to consider when purchasing classroom furniture. The suggested questions help purchasers determine how safe the furniture is and how appropriate it is for a particular age group. Also provides easy-to-use references that cover planning a furniture purchase, making the actual purchase, and choosing a furniture vendor. 10p.
Seat Position and Contours for High School Chairs.
http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20030303.104009/public/02Whole.pdf Tuttle, Neil Alan (Griffith University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Gold Coast, Australia , Jun 2000)
Examines the mechanics of interaction between a chair and its occupant, including the commonly considered features such as the heights, angles, and contours of the seat and backrest. Results of experiments with high school students adjusting their own seat height revealed a negative correlation with their popliteal (knee joint) height and a positive correlation with the height of the desk being used. Data was also collected concerning buttock contours in relation to posture, mass and gender. A synthesis of the research is accompanied by suggestions on how the findings may be applied to school chair design. Includes 88 references. 76p.
School Ergonomics Program Guidelines
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/MBergo/intro.html (Cornell University, Department of Design and Environmental Analysis, Cornell Human Factors and Ergonomics Group, Ithica, NY , Mar 2000)
With the number of computers in classrooms increasing every day, many schools are beginning to institute ergonomics
programs to show students, teachers, and parents how to reduce the risks of computer-related injuries. These guidelines have been developed for the parents of school children and include the latest information on workstation design in schools, and how to improve existing workstations.
Design and Testing of Wooden School Desk Frames Suitable for Production by Low Technology Methods from Waste Wood Residues.
http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/fnr/woodlab/DK020420.pdf Haviarova, E.; Eckelman, C. ; Erdil, Y. (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN , 2000)
Presents structurally sound yet aesthetically pleasing designs along with the accompanying production processes for desk frames producible by low technology processes from locally available waste or salvage woody materials such as plantation thinnings. Construction schematics, the results of load tests, and formulas for calculating strength, stress, and load are provided. 19p.
Design Standards for Children's Environments.
Ruth, Linda Cain (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY , 2000)
This 3-part book addresses the design or maintenance of spaces where children are the primary users covering both commercial and residential designs and products. Part I chapters provide anthropometric data of children from birth to age 18, offers dimensions for typical objects within the child's built environment; synthesizes the Consumer Product Safety Commission's safety guidelines for play areas; and provides dimensions of typical, and sometimes untypical, products that are often found in children's environments. Part II features a source list developed for designers that lists products appropriate for use in children's environments. Part III chapters outline the development of children's abilities and perceptions in the first stages of life from birth to age 10, and offers a bibliography of the most effective and highly regarded resources in the area of children's design. 306p.
ERIC NO: ED447690 ; ISBN: 0-07-057809-5 TO ORDER: McGraw-Hill, 11 West 19 St., New York, NY 10011 http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/
Furniture and Equipment in Schools: A Purchasing Guide. Managing School Facilities Guide 7.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Wadsworth, Alison (Department for Education and Employment, London, England , 2000)
This British manual offers advice on the processes that should be followed when buying furnishings and equipment. The main body of the document discusses various aspects of purchasing. Sections 1 and 2 are concerned with the first steps, prior to purchasing, such as curriculum analysis and market exploration. Sections 3 and 4 look at the importance of creating a clear specification for F & E, both to insure that the school gets what it wants and that it achieves its value for money. The way in which the money can be organized into categories to insure a balanced budget is also considered, as is the need to take a whole school approach to F& E. Section 4 covers in detail the process that should be followed when buying F & E products. Section 5 analyses the types of suppliers schools may use to purchase F& E and the criteria that should be used to choose the most appropriate route. It features a flow chart which should give schools a clearly set out route for choosing the most appropriate supplier for their situation. 102p.
ERIC NO: ED453652 ; ISBN-0-11-271092-1
Modern Foreign Languages Accommodation: A Design Guide. Building Bulletin 92.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Williamson, Beech; Watson, Lucy (Dept. for Education and Employment, Architects and Building Branch, London , 2000)
This document offers school design guidance for accommodating the needs for teaching modern foreign languages (MFLs) in secondary education. Section 1 outlines the range of spaces in a typical MFL suite and describes how to calculate the number of timetabled spaces required. It includes guidance on planning the suite and what to consider if there is to be community use. Section 2 describes the teaching and non-teaching spaces that might be found in the MFL suite. It gives guidance on the size and shape of spaces and shows typical furniture layouts. Section 3 describes typical MFL equipment and how it can be used most effectively. It also provides guidance on choosing and using furniture. Section 4 outlines the process of setting up and implementing a building project, from briefing to on-site construction. Section 5 presents case studies showing the issues covered in the rest of the document applied to real school projects. 50p.
ERIC NO: ED452680 ; ISBN-0-11-271093-X
Designing Successful Technology-Rich Elementary Schools
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1999-02/HFaE-DSTE-010299.php McCreary, Faith; Reaux, Ray; Ehrich, Roger; Hood, Susan; and Rowland, Keith (Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Society 42nd Annual Meeting, October 5-9, 1998. , 1999)
Computers and network connectivity in the classroom raise new challenges in workspace design. Unlike corporate or dedicated laboratory facilities, a technology-rich classroom plays multiple roles throughout its working day. Classroom design demands flexible and robust construction, particularly when applied in an elementary school setting. Using the PCs for Families project as a case study, this paper discusses design issues of a technology- rich networked classroom from ergonomic design to system support.
Mismatch of Classroom Furniture and Student Body Dimensions. Empirical Findings and Health Implications.
www.ergonomics.org.nz/ Parcells, Claudia; Stommel, Manfred; Hubbard, Robert (Society for Adolescent Medicine , 1999)
The purpose of this study was to examine possible mismatch between the individual body dimensions of students and the classroom furniture they use. The data indicate a substantial degree of mismatch between the students' bodily dimensions and the classroom furniture available to them. Fewer than 20% of students can find acceptable chair/desk combinations. Most students are sitting in chairs with seats that are too high or too deep and at desks that are too high. Even after controlling for body stature, girls are less likely to find fitting chairs.
Art Accommodation in Secondary Schools. A Design Guide. Building Bulletin 89
Watson, Lucy; Wadsworth, Alison; Daniels, Richard; Wonnacott, Geoff (Department for Education and Employment, Architects and Building Branch, London, England , 1998)
This document provides a framework for accommodation of art and design in British secondary schools, concentrating on the needs of 11- to 16-year-old pupils. Section 1 outlines the range of teaching and non-teaching spaces likely to be required and key planning issues. Section 2 describes each teaching and non-teaching space and illustrates furnished plans of typical spaces. Section 3 provides guidance on a typical range of furniture and suggests ways of using this to establish a flexible environment. Section 4 summarizes the main regulations, providing a reference for further reading and guidance on the lighting of art rooms. Section 5 describes new and adapted art departments in four existing schools. Finally, Section 6 covers general cost issues and includes a case study cost analysis. 62p.
ERIC NO: ED431291; ISBN-0-11-271029-8 TO ORDER: HMSO Publications Centre, P.O. Box 276, London, SW8 5DT; Tel: 0171-873-9090
Exceptional Children Facilities Planner; Sample Plans, Accessibility Guidelines
http://www.schoolclearinghouse.org/pubs/exchild.pdf (North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh Division of School Support, School Planning, Raleigh, NC , Jun 1998)
This publication provides guidelines for designing facilities that support
inclusionary programs from kindergarten through high school. Facility
planning guidelines for instructional services are provided for: autism;
behaviorally-emotionally disabled; deaf-blind, multi-handicapped, and
severely/profoundly handicapped; hearing impaired; mentally disabled;
specific learning disabled; speech-language impaired; and visually
impaired. Each area provides a program description followed by
guidelines on space requirements, furnishings and equipment.
Appendixes list the classifications of exceptionality, adapted services,
accessibility guidelines, sample floor plans for self-contained exceptional
children facilities, and guidelines for seclusion or isolation time-out
areas. (Contains 10 references.) 51p.
Creating an Inviting Classroom Environment.
Foster-Harrison, Elizabeth S.; Adams-Bullock, Ann (Phi Delta Kappa, Bloomington, IN , 1998)
This booklet presents suggestions for teachers, administrators, and parents about how to make a school
better by improving the physical environment. Information comes from a study that analyzed environmental features which helped make a difference to students, teachers, and parents. During 1995-1997, two researchers examined classroom environments in rural, suburban, and urban settings. Through observations, interviews, and surveys, they made comparisons between what teachers actually had in their classrooms and what they said was important to have in the classroom learning environment. They compared the information to what parents and students believed. The study looked at five categories for comparison: furniture, aesthetics, comfort, instructional items, and professional items. Over 400 4th-8th grade teachers completed interviews and surveys. There were distinct differences between what was actually in the classrooms and what they ideally should have. 40p.
ERIC NO: ED419809 ; ISBN-0-87367-633- TO ORDER: Phi Delta Kappa International, P.O. Box 789, Bloomington, IN 47402-0789; Tel: 812-339-1156, Toll free: 800-766-1156 http://www.pdkmembers.org/
How to Choose Learning Stations and Seating for your Technology-based Classroom.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030619145856/archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/idt/html/ Sanborn, Fred (Interactive Learning Systems , 1997)
Covers such topics as how to orient your room; shutting out visual distraction; width of student spaces; how high should tabletops be; modular workspaces. 7p.
Thinking about Seating in Your School Grounds.
Russell, Liz (Learning Through Landscapes Trust, Winchester, England , 1996)
The Learning Through Landscape Trust's CD-ROM explores the issues connected with choosing, developing, locating, and using seating in school grounds. Designed to be used by teachers with pupils of all ages, the computer program includes sections on resources, maintenance, history, and pupil activities.
ERIC NO: ED430385; ISBN-1-872865-26-7 TO ORDER: The Green Brick Road, 429 Danforth Ave., Ste. #408, Toronto, ON, Canada M4K 1P1; Tel: 800-473-3638 or 416-421-9816.
Planning Library Interiors. The Selection of Furnishings for the 21st Century. Revised
Edition.
Brown, Carol R. (Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ , 1995)
The acquisition of library furniture and
shelving includes the following steps: look at the existing library space to determine which
furnishings work effectively and which ones do not; study specific service and collection plans and
consider how they relate to the library interior; determine the purpose of the new furnishings;
consider what furnishings can fulfill the requirements already determined; and make responsible
selections and purchase the furnishings. This second edition of "Selecting Library Furniture: A
Guide for Librarians, Designers, and Architects," has been completely reorganized and rewritten
and includes changes that have occurred in libraries such as compliance with the Americans with
Disabilities Act and new technologies that require special equipment. The book contains the
following 11 chapters: (1) Library Planning and the Furniture Selection Process; (2) Quality
Construction and Issues in Furniture Selection; (3) Shelving; (4) Service Desks; (5) Chairs; (6)
Tables, Carrels, and Computer Workstations; (7) Planning and Selecting Furnishings for Children's
Areas; (8) Furniture for Work Areas; (9) Sign Systems and Display; (10) The Bid Process; and
(11) The Library Furniture Market. 176p.
ERIC NO: ED414954 ; ISBN-0-89774-850-6 TO ORDER: Oryx Press, P.O. Box 33889, Phoenix, AZ 85067-3889 http://www.greenwood.com/
Ergonomic Guidelines for Designing Effective and Healthy Learning Environments for Interactive Technologies.
http://collab.nlm.nih.gov/archives/ Weisberg, Michael (National Library of Medicine , 1993)
Many of the findings from ergonomics research on visual display workstations are relevant to the design of interactive learning stations. This paper briefly reviews ergonomics research on visual display workstations; specifically, (1) potential health hazards from electromagnetic radiation; (2) musculoskeletal disorders; (3)vision complaints; and (4) psychosocial stresses. Guidelines are provided on how to design an ergonomically correct workstation and learning environment that seek to balance human performance with learner satisfaction and well being. (Contains 64 references.) 15p.
Educational Furniture for the 16-19 Age Group: Specification and Design.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Furniture Industry Research Association; Department for Education and Employment, Architects and Building Branch, London, UK , 1982)
A 1982 British study examined the furniture needs of 16-19 year-old students.
This report presented the findings on the technical and performance requirements in terms of
durability and ergonomics. This report examines the furniture requirements in teaching spaces,
social, refreshment and private study areas, storage requirements for pupils' personal belongings,
and functional requirements. It highlights the common difficulties and shortcomings currently being
encountered, covers the general background to the work, provides commentary on current
practice as witnessed during the visits and gleaned from the discussions during the project, and
concludes with specific recommendations on technical and ergonomic matters. Numerous
photographs and diagrams are contained throughout the report. (Contains 33 references.) 63p.
ERIC NO: ED434482;
Found Spaces and Equipment for Children's Centers. A Report.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0415.pdf Passantino, Richard J. (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , 1972)
Reports on turning discarded, overlooked, and inexpensive spaces or objects into useful places and things for child-oriented learning in preschools or day care centers. The document is organized into five sections: 1) Types of Places which demonstrates the wide variety of unlikely structures that have been converted into viable educational spaces; 2) Furniture and Equipment which features imaginative use of manufacturers’ “throwaways”; 3) Outdoor Spaces which points up the use of rooftops and vacant lots for solutions to urban play space problems; 4) Outdoor Things; and 5) How to Go About It which provides sources for help, licensing requirements and codes, and a checklist of found items. A bibliography and a directory of the centers described in the report are included. 72p.
Design for Paperbacks. A How-To Report on Furniture for Fingertip Access.
http://archone.tamu.edu/CRS/engine/archive_files/EFL/6000.0207.pdf (Educational Facilities Laboratories, New York, NY , 1968)
Presents furniture designs aimed at providing physical solutions to the problems and needs generated by the use of paperbacks in education. First, they are directed toward accessibility of the books in the library, bookstores, classrooms, lounges, commons, corridors, and wherever else students may move or assemble in the school. Secondly, they are calculated to attract youngsters to reach for the books on impulse. The designs are adaptable in traditional buildings with fixed interior partitions and in buildings with increasing degrees of openness for team-teaching and non graded programs. 27p.
All Tricked Out.http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1835 Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v11 n5 , p52,54-57 ; May 2008
Describes flexible classroom furnishing solutions that are easily rearranged, lounge area furnishings that are conducive to collaboration, and environmental considerations in furniture construction and recycling.
Versatile Spaces.
http://asumag.com/Furniture/versatile_spaces_school_furniture/ Stewart, David American School and University; v80 n9 , p41,42,44,45 ; May 2008
Discusses the need for school furniture that can accommodate a variety of instructional styles, can be easily moved and stored to maximize floor space, is ergonomically correct, and emits no harmful chemicals.
Buying Furniture: Nine Ways to Go Green.
VanWyk, Linda School Business Affairs; v74 n4 , p33,34 ; Apr 2008
Details environmental issues for school furnishings, detailing durability, modularity, reconfigurability, low VOC output, recycled content, recyclability after use, translucence, packaging, and manufacturer certification.
The Furniture of Science.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1697 Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v47 n2 , p30,32,34,36,38 ; Feb 2008
Reviews current furniture and workstation options for middle and high school science laboratories.
The Right Fit.
http://asumag.com/Furniture/right_fit_students_school/ McGee, Tim American School and University; v80 n6 , p26,28,30 ; Feb 2008
Discusses the benefits and necessity of ergonomically correct school furniture, as well as the negative effects of poorly designed furniture. Features and components of a comfortable and flexible learning environment are addressed.
Are You Sitting Down?
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1725 Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v11 n2 , p44-48 ; Feb 2008
Discusses outdoor furniture selection, including selection of materials appropriate to the environment, matching furniture to the landscape and surrounding architecture, sustainability, color, and accessories.
Swivel Seating in Large Lecture Theaters and Its Impact on Student Discussions and Learning.
Ogilvie, Craig A. Journal of College Science Teaching; v37 n3 , p50-56 ; Jan 2008
Well-designed university buildings and physical environments have a documented positive impact on student participation, engagement, and feelings of support and belonging. These factors are known to improve learning; however, it is hard to document the direct impact architecture has on student learning outcomes. This paper compares two different designs of remodeled, large lecture-theater designs: one with traditional tiered rows and one with swivel seating to facilitate face-to-face discussions during lectures and the impact these designs had on student learning. Both high- and low-performing students appear to have benefited from the swivel-seat discussions by the end of the semester, with potentially a larger benefit for stronger students.
TO ORDER:
http://learningcenter.nsta.org/product_detail.aspx?
An Open and Shut Case.
Alfieri, John School Planning and Management; v46 n12 , pF17-F19 ; Dec 2007
Discusses the advantages of drawer storage over shelving units for types of smaller and irregularly sized materials frequently found in schools.
Desisions...Decisions...School Furniture Choices Require Some Homework.
Presberry, Lafay School Planning and Management; v46 n12 , pF3,F4,F6 ; Dec 2007
Advises on school furniture selection, including deciding between new and used furniture, warrantees, bulk purchasing, durability, size, maintainability, and shipping configurations.
Furniture: Form and Function.
Richards, Jay College Planning and Management; v10 n12 , pF16-F19 ; Dec 2007
Reviews advances in school furniture design and testing, the necessity that furniture should serve multiple uses, and technology/furniture integration.
Do Your Homework on Cabinets and Casework.
Wiens, Janet School Planning and Management; v46 n12 , pF8,F10,F12 ; Dec 2007
Advises on selection of school casework, addressing location of use, customization, finishes, and environmentally conscious content and construction.
Appealing Spaces.
http://asumag.com/Furniture/university_appealing_spaces/ Dittoe, William; Porter, Nat American School and University; v80 n2 , p26,28,29,30,32 ; Oct 2007
Discusses the trend away from traditional school space design based on numbers of students, toward design based on achieving educational outcomes. Features of improved learning space and furnishings in classrooms, hallways, libraries, and residences are included.
Fixed-Asset Inventories: Why, What, How, and What Now?
Smith, Sheldon School Business Affairs; v73 n8 , p26,28 ; Sep 2007
Discusses the importance of accurate inventory of school equipment and furnishings, basic steps in the inventory process, desirable features of fixed-asset inventory software, and interpretation and use of inventory data.
TO ORDER:
http://asbointl.org/index.asp?bid=4884
Computers, Children & Repetitive Stress Injuries: The Effects of Computer Workstation Design on Children's Posture.
http://www.designshare.com/index.php/articles/computers-children-repetitive-stress-injuries/ Maxwell, Lorraine E.; Laeser, Kathryn L. DesignShare; Aug 03, 2007
Although the use of computers in the classroom is increasing, little attention has been paid by educators, furniture manufacturers, or researchers to the ergonomic design issues of educational furniture for computer use. This brief article reports on two recent studies by Cornell researchers that demonstrated, using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), the effects of workstation design on children's posture. Overall, students responded favorably to a workstation which was fit to their anthropometric needs.
Stop Sitting Still This Instant.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1393.shtm School Planning and Management; v46 n6 , p43,44,46-49 ; Jun 2007
Decribes features of newer, ergonomically correct student seating. Soft plastic that flexes with student movement, contours that support the back, wrap-around designs, and desks rocking seats are reviewed.
Adjusting to Technology.
http://asumag.com/Furniture/university_adjusting_technology/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v79 n11 , p26,28,30,31 ; Jun 2007
Discusses school furniture selection in the light of the technology that will be used. Traveling laptops, the smaller footprint of current hardware, and wireless networks are reviewed.
Room to Grow.
http://asumag.com/Furniture/university_room_grow_2/ Blankenbaker, Lauren American School and University; v79 n7 , p28,30,31 ; Mar 2007
Advises on dormitory furniture selection, including fabric selection, durability, installation services, and sustainability.
Our Bodies, Our Workstations.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1295.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v10 n2 , p26,28,29 ; Feb 2007
Reviews ergonomic considerations for furnishings where students use computers, citing the proliferation of laptops and monitors at the workspace. Five tips for ergonomic use of a laptop are included.
The Good Seat.
Milshtein, Amy School Planning and Management; v46 n2 , p48,50,52 ; Feb 2007
Reviews the consequences of muscoskeletal disorders incurred at the workplace, and advocates four ergonomic considerations in educational furnishing design and selection.
UC Berkeley Furnishes A Classical Campus Landscape.
College Planning and Management; v9 n12 , pF16-F19 ; Dec 2006
Describes the outdoor lighting fixtures, benches, recycling containers, picnic tables, bicycle racks, and drinking fountains used at the University of California, Berkeley. A sidebar refers to five other universities' furniture and equipment recycling programs.
The Big Comfy Couch.
Blankenbaker, Lauren College Planning and Management; v9 n12 , pF12,F13 ; Dec 2006
Discusses the trend toward the look and feel of "home" in higher education furnishings, as well as an evolution toward environmentally friendly suppliers.
Furniture Fabrics: What Should You Look For?
Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v45 n12 , pF3,F4,F6,F8 ; Dec 2006
Considers durability, cost, cleanability, environmental impact, color, and design for educational upholstery products. A chart illustrating the relative importance of these characteristics is included.
Specifying Furnishings by Design.
Soto, Christine College Planning and Management; v9 n12 , pF3,F4,F6 ; Dec 2006
Advises on collaboration between users, administrators, and designers when specifying college furniture. Considerations for furnishings are organized under the categories of classrooms, lounges, residences, dining halls, and libraries.
Room for Adjustment.
http://asumag.com/Furniture/university_room_adjustment/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v79 n2 , p29-31 ; Oct 2006
Discusses the benefits of school furniture that promotes movement for today's students, who are generally less active than those of the past. Separate chairs and desks, tables and desks that can adjust to standing height, and learning activities that require movement about the room are recommended.
Look, Mom, No Chairs!"
http://content.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=7134 Chaparro, Tiffany Scholastic Administrator; , p62 ; Aug 2006
Case study of Elton Hill Elementary School in Rochester, Minnesota, where students are encouraged to stretch, stand, kneel in a "chairless classroom" outfitted with laptops, video iPods, personalized whiteboards, adjustable podiums, and exercise balls in the place of chairs.
The Good Seat.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1197.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v9 n8 , p20-24 ; Aug 2006
Addresses ergonomically incorrect computer usage, which is typically not addressed at the college level. Statistics on muscoloskeletal disorders among college students are presented, along with major points of ergonomically correct seating and computer usage.
Furniture: Form and Function.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1181.shtm Richards, Jay School Planning and Management; v45 n8 , p29,30,32-34 ; Aug 2006
Describes how school furniture is adapting along with school design to help enable flexible space use, ergonomic environments, maintenance savings and technology integration.
Natural Selection.
http://asumag.com/Furniture/university_natural_selection/ Hall, Julie American School and University; v78 n11 , p30,31,34,35 ; Jun 2006
Advises on furniture selection, emphasizing careful consideration of how it will be used in the space, flexibility, durability and comfort of various materials, and use of furniture that will allow students to move.
What Does Green Mean for Classroom Furniture?
Roskos, Bob School Planning and Management; v45 n4 , pG10, G12 ; Apr 2006
Discusses definitions and requirements for recycled content in school furnishings, as well as "green" furniture s potential benefits to school indoor air quality.
Presidential Seal of Approval.
Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v9 n4 , p16,18 ; Apr 2006
Advises on the selection of furniture for administrative offices, emphasizing functionality and ergonomic arrangement in private offices. More expensive, upscale appearances should be reserved for areas most visible to the public, or in places where image counts most.
School Furniture on the Move.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1085.shtm Fickes, Michael School Planning and Management; v45 n2 , p20,22,24,26,28 ; Feb 2006
Describes advantages of mobile school furniture over built-in, especially in reconfiguring spaces for evolving educational programs. Mobile furniture now includes not only desks and chairs, but storage cabinets, demonstration tables, computer carts, and bookshelves. Custom designs are also available from some manufacturers.
Seat Work.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_seat_work/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v78 n6 ; Feb 2006
Discusses selection of classroom furniture, taking into consideration desktop and laptop computer use. Suggestions for low- or no-cost adjustments that enhance ergonomics of existing furniture are included, as are recommendations for proper computer monitor and keyboard placement.
Do Your Homework on Cabinets and Casework.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/1076.shtm Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v9 n2 , p18,20,22,24 ; Feb 2006
Advises on specifications for education cabinetry and casework, including load-bearing capabilities, imperviousness and maintainability of surfaces, security, aesthetics, and sustainable materials and construction practices.
One for You, One for Me.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/998.shtm Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v44 n10 , p31-33 ; Oct 2005
Presents an interview with a Spokane administrator in which she describes recent furniture buying and refurbishing experiences, how they save money, and how they distribute the furniture fairly.
What's New in Library Furniture.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/983.shtm Kollie, Ellen College Planning and Management; v8 n10 , p34,36,37 ; Oct 2005
Connects the advent of wireless computing to evolutions in library furniture design and placement, with tables and carrels giving way to lounge-like environments.
High Class.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_high_class/ Waldecker, Mark American School and University; v78 n2 , p30,32,34 ; Oct 2005
Describes contributions that furniture can make to a positive learning environment, including flexibility, adjustibility, quiet during use, proper surfacing, and color.
Have a Seat.
Milshtein, Amy School Planning and Management; v44 n6 , p43-47 ; Jun 2005
Reviews the trend toward classroom desks that provide larger surfaces, electricity, and data ports in order to accommodate the technology that students often bring with them. Improved articulation to accommodate student sizes and shapes and is also being offered. Advice on writing a clear and effective RFP for furnishings is included.
School Furniture.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/882.shtm Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v44 n3 , p33,34,36,37 ; Mar 2005
Recommends considerations of school furniture quality, vendor reliability, delivery, setup and installation, removal of packing and cleanup, maintenance and repair, the bid, the warranty, and what to do if the vendor’s promises are broken.
Furniture Contracts: The Art of the Deal.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/902.shtm Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v8 n3 , p28,30,31,32 ; Mar 2005
Discusses elements of a good RFP for furnishings. The inclusion of specifications, sample manufacturers model numbers, penalty clauses, warrants, and liabilities helps create a clear relationship between the institution and supplier.
Beyond the Seat.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_beyond_seat/ Rydeen, James; Sorenson, Kim American School and University; v77 n7 , p29,30,32,33 ; Mar 2005
Discusses aesthetics, ergonomics, function, flexibility, durability, adjustability, quality, storability, maintenance, and safety in school furnishings. Also covered are color selection for various grade levels.
Fixing the Air in There.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v8 n1 , p78,79 ; Jan 2005
Describes off-gassing problems from new furnishings, particularly in residence halls, and what to specify in order to avoid them.
The Relationship between Seating Arrangement and Student Behavior in College Classrooms.
Kaya, Naz; Burgess, Brigitte Educational Facility Planner; v40 n2 , p11-15 ; 2005
Investigates environment-behavior relationships in college classrooms and assesses how students' territoriality and perceptions of social interaction vary according to different seating arrangements. Results revealed that rows of tablet-arm chairs provided the most personal space and students indicated that they could easily spread out and define their own space with this arrangement. The cluster arrangement promoted the most social interaction, followed by the U- shaped arrangement. Includes 12 references.
Doing Heavy Duty.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_doing_heavy_duty/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v77 n4 , p25-27 ; Dec 2004
Discusses durability issues with campus furniture, how it is tested for durability in a laboratory, and how it is rated for the same through actual use.
We'd Like to Make Examples of Your Wiggly, Squirming Students and Encourage Everyone to Copy Them.
Reckford, Claudius School Planning and Management; v43 n12 , pF7-F9 ; Dec 2004
Cites research indicating that movement encourages learning, while describing "dynamic sitting" positions, the ways that typical school chairs inhibit circulation, breathing, and movement. A two-step process of correctly adjusting student chair and desk height is detailed.
Residence Hall Furniture: Bland and Inflexible Don't Work.
Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v7 n12 , pRL6-RL7 ; Dec 2004
Discusses trends in residence hall furniture toward a residential look, with flexible arrangeability, stylish lines, full upholstery, and sustainably-derived materials.
Green Wood for Residence Hall Furniture.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/754.shtm Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v7 n10 , p33-36 ; Oct 2004
Emphasizes the selection of durable, solid wood furniture created from sustainable sources over particle board or other cheaper, but less environmentally sensitive products. The short life expectancy of the cheaper products will cost more in the long run.
Distributing Furniture "Fair and Square" in Your District.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/761.shtm Kollie, Ellen School Planning and Management; v43 n10 , p22,24-27 ; Oct 2004
Describes several school systems' methods for equitable furniture distribution, each representing an effort to objectively prioritize replacements within a given budget.
The Furniture Equation.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_furniture_equation/ Chambers, Jeffrey D. American School and University; v76 n11 , pFF4-FF7 ; Jun 2004
Advises on sizes and configurations of workstation and classroom furnishings to accommodate current technology-infused curricula. For all programs, flexibility and expandibility are recommended.
Sitting Target.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_sitting_target/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v76 n11 , pFF8,FF11-FF13 ; Jun 2004
Advises on selection of furniture that is ergonomically correct and arrangeable for different learning groups.
Have a Seat.
Milshtein, Amy College Planning and Management; v7 n6 , p56,58,60-63 ; Jun 2004
Describes the inadequacy of the traditional tablet arm classroom chair, which lacks space and connectivity for the equipment students currently bring to class. Desks with larger tablets and computer connections are available, as are narrow tables which occupy a similar amount of front-to-back classroom space. Larger tables with fold-down permanent computer storage are also described.
Universal Furniture.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/675.shtm Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v7 n4 , p25,26,28 ; Apr 2004
Describes attributes of standard furnishings that help the mobility impaired.
School Furniture Industry Tries to Get Its Desks in a Row.
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2004/03/10/26business.h23.html Carroll, Catherine A. Education Week; , p8 ; Mar 10, 2004
Discusses how tight education budgets and corporate mergers are buffeting the school furniture industry. Ergonomics has also come to the forefront in classroom furniture. [Free subscriber registration is required.]
School Furniture and the User Population: an Anthropometric Perspective
Milanese, S.; Grimmer , K. Ergonomics; v47 n4 , p416 - 426 ; Mar 2004
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between reported spinal symptoms in an adolescent student population, and the match between their individual anthropometric dimensions and their school furniture. The hypothesis was that students who were too large or too small for their school furniture, i.e. with anthropometric measurements furthest from the group whose anthropometry was the 'best fit' with the furniture, would have a higher frequency of reported symptoms. From data collected from 1269 schoolchildren, reported spinal symptoms and anthropometric measures were examined. Stature measures were divided into quartiles. A standard government issue school chair and desk was measured and the anthropometric quartile of the population having the 'best fit' with the furniture was identified using standard ergonomics recommendations. Odds ratios were calculated for spinal symptoms reported within each quartile group. The first quartile group (the smallest students) was identified as having the 'best fit' with the school furniture. An overall higher odds of reporting low back pain was noted in students with anthropometric dimensions in the fourth quartile (the tallest students). While it is acknowledged that there is a multifactorial nature of causality of adolescent spinal symptoms, it is contended that the degree of mis-match between child anthropometry and school furniture set-up should be further examined as a strong and plausible associate of adolescent low back pain. [Authors' abstract]
TO ORDER:
http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/
Flexible Furnishing. http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/607.shtm Rittner-Heir, Robbin M. School Planning and Management; v43 n2 , p40,42,44,46 ; Feb 2004 | ||
