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LIFE CYCLE COST ESTIMATING FOR SCHOOL FACILITIES
Information on methods for determining the total cost of ownership for school construction, operation, and maintenance over the life of the facility. 
The Whitestone Building Maintenance and Repair Cost Reference, 2009-2010.
(Whitestone Research, Santa Barbara, CA, 2009)
Provides detailed maintenance and repair costs for 72 building types in all major U.S. and Canadian areas. Data is included for over 1,000 building components, over 30 trades, and more than 3,000 maintenance tasks. 480p
TO ORDER:
http://www.whitestoneresearch.com/order.htm
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis. [Whole Building Design Guide]
http://www.wbdg.org/resources/lcca.php Fuller, Sieglinde (National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, DC, Apr 2007)
Life-cycle cost analysis is an economic method for assessing the total cost of facility ownership. It involves translating all expenses associated with building ownership over a prescribed "life cycle" period into current dollars. These include costs arising from owning, operating, maintaining, and ultimately disposing of a facility. This section from the Whole Building Design Guide provides a description, application opportunities, relevant codes and standards, and additional resources.
Asset Lifecycle Model for Total Cost of Ownership Management: Framework, Glossary & Definitions.
http://www.ifma.org/tools/research/Asset_Lifecyle_Model.pdf (APPA: The Association of Higher Education Facilities Officers. , 2005)
Presents a glossary of terms commonly used to communicate facilities-related issues, including space planning, construction, operations, maintenance, upgrades, and demolition/replacement. The glossary was developed by a consortium of facilities management associations and is organized within their "Asset Lifecycle Model for Total Cost of Ownership Management" which correlates to the physical asset's useful life. 28p.
Energy Life Cycle Cost Analysis.
http://www.ga.wa.gov/EAS/elcca (Washington State Dept. of General Administration, Olympia , 2004)
Provides guidance for performing energy life cycle cost analyses (ELCCA) in Washington State and promoting the selection of low life cycle cost alternatives. Chapters 1 and 2 define energy life cycle cost analysis and explain which agencies and projects are affected by the ELCCA requirements. Chapters 3 through 7 provide the instructions and forms needed to prepare the ELCCA submittals. Chapter 8 is the ELCCA submittal evaluation that addresses the timing and completeness of each ELCCA submittal. Many components of this document are specific to Washington State building owners, but the auditing, reporting, and product selection procedures are generally applicable nationwide. 21p.
Are You Building a School or a Liability? A Guide to Using Total Masonry Construction in Public Schools.
Huckabee, Christopher (National Concrete Masonry Association, Herndon, VA , 2004)
Explains the value of total masonry construction in K-12 schools for the purpose of reduced life-cycle costs, safety, and mold resistance. A discussion of the importance of the building envelope, testimonials, a comparison of total masonry and tilt-up construction, and an explanation of the systems, costs, and properties of total masonry construction are provided. 58p.
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Mason Contractors Association of America, 33 S. Roselle Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60193; Tel: 800-536-2225.
http://store.masoncontractors.org/product_info.php?products_id=59
High Performance Green Schools? Why?
http://www.schoolfacilities.com/cd_1509.aspx Kobet, Robert (Schoolfacilities.com, Orange, CA , 2004)
Addresses doubts about the merits of paying more to construct high performance schools to realize life cycle, environmental, and social cost savings. The perception that such an investment provides only marginal returns is being met on several fronts as more and more independent studies move the argument from the speculative to the statistically and clinical verifiable. 3p.
The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings.
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/design/costbenefit/report.pdf Kats, Greg (California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento , Oct 2003)
Presents a detailed analysis of costs and financial benefits of environmentally sensitive building design and occupancy practices. The study concludes that an upfront investment of about two percent of construction costs typically yields life cycle savings of over ten times the initial investment. Topics covered include reduced energy and water use, less waste, lower operations and maintenance costs, and increased occupant health and productivity. (Includes 20 annotated references.) 120p.
Average Life Cycle of Building Components.
http://www.azsfb.gov/sfb/preventive%20maintenance/life%20expectancies.xls (Arizona School Facilities Board, Phoenix , Jun 05, 2003)
Offers a list of typical building components organized by building system, along with the typical life span of the item. The useful lives of the listed items vary directly with their initial quality and level of maintenance. The list data is based on good quality components and a level of maintenance over the useful life that is consistent with manufacturer specifications. 2p.
A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Floor Coverings in School Facilities.
http://www.carpet-rug.org/pdf_word_docs/0203_IICRC_Life-Cycle-Cost-Analysis.pdf Bishop, Jeff (The Carpet and Rug Institute, Dalton, GA , Mar 2002)
Presents life cycle cost analyses of school building floors with light-to-medium traffic and heavy traffic, comparing them with the figures for carpet and vinyl composition tile (VCT). The initial purchase cost, installation charges, maintenance requirements and associated costs, plus the costs of cleaning chemicals are factored into the analysis to yield the true outlay of monies over time. The analysis envisions a twenty-two (22) year time period, which is the expected usable life of VCT flooring in schools. 11p.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Guidelines.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060619080516 (Department of Natural Resources, Energy Bureau, Des Moines, Iowa, 2002)
The purpose of these guidelines is to assist architects and engineers in completing life cycle cost analysis reports required by the Code of Iowa for publicly owned facilities. Life cycle cost analysis is an economic analysis method of project alternative evaluation in which all ownership costs are considered. The guidelines cover project identification, analysis for domestic hot water, lighting, building envelope and HVAC systems, on-site electric generation, and recommended systems. 51p.
Sustainability Theory and Educational Facilities.
Woodson, Carol Mitchell (Dissertation, University of Florida, 2002)
The focus of this comparative case study was to test, discern, and document whether the theory of the construct of sustainability, specifically in the area of renewable energy systems, could be utilized in educational facilities as measured by cost effectiveness and efficacy. This study examined two Texas schools that approached supplying their energy needs in the two different ways: one using traditional methods and one incorporating the use of renewable energy. Data were collected to establish a life-cycle cost model for assessing the cost-benefit of sustainable renewable energy systems in place in educational facilities. Efficacy of the systems was established from the perceptions of the participant users of the facilities by use of an oral survey. It was the purpose of this study to test the theory for appropriate utilization of sustainable renewable energy systems in educational facilities in anticipation of providing the needed documentation to support a policy change in the design and construction of educational facilities. [Author's abstract]
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UMI Dissertation Expresshttp://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb
Facilities Engineering and Management Handbook: Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional Buildings
Smith, Paul R.; Seth, Anand K.; Neitlich, Mark M. (McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 2001)
Tools for analyzing, comparing, anticipating, and managing the implications of engineering,
maintenance, operating, and design decisions, and integrating facility systems for best results. The
Handbook's life-cycle approach helps put relevant issues in context -- cost, durability,
maintainability, operability, safety, and more.
Includes information on facility financial management; facilities management; facility life-cycle process; facilities engineering; electrical, lighting, and mechanical systems; facility construction process; and facilities maintenance. 1,100p.
School Design.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery (Governor's Education Reform Study Commission, Education Facilities Committee, Atlanta, GA , Nov 28, 2000)
This paper discusses five key issues in the design phase of a construction project that
can improve the quality, cost, or time of construction. These five ways are: education specifications, design standards, prototype designs, value engineering, and selecting a qualified architect. To facilitate discussion, the background section of this paper first explains the overall project delivery process. In the background section educational specifications, design
standards, prototypes, value engineering, and selecting an architect are defined and
each is discussed based on current best practices. Then there is a discussion of the
level of input a state may have when implementing each of these practices. Next, in the "Current Conditions" section, the paper explains what is currently being done regarding each of the five topics in Georgia and nationally. The third section of the paper highlights key findings about these topics. The final section of the paper presents various alternatives for each topic discussed. 40p.
Facilities Maintenance and Repair Cost Data
(R.S. Means Company, Inc., Kingston, MA , 2000)
Includes information on maintenance and repair; preventive maintenance; general maintenance; facilities audits; life cycle costing; equipment rental rates; travel cost tables; crews; city adjustments and cost indexes, and location factors.
620p.
TO ORDER:
R.S. Means Company, Inc., P.O. Box 800, 63 Smiths Lane, Kingston, MA 02364; 800-334-3509http://www.rsmeans.com
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Handbook. First Edition.
http://www.eed.state.ak.us/facilities/publications.html Mearig, Tim; Coffee, Nathan; Morgan, Michael (State of Alaska, Department of Education and Early Development, Alaska School Facilities, Juneau, AK , 1999)
The guidelines incorporated in this handbook have been developed to assist Alaskan school districts, their consultants, and communities in evaluating the life cycle cost of school construction decisions. Life cycle cost is defined as the total discounted dollar cost of owning, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or a building system over a period of time. 30p.
Value Engineering : Practical Applications for Design, Construction, Maintenance and Operations
Dell'isola, Alphonse, J. (R.S. Means Company, Inc., Kingston, MA, 1998)
Complete system for understanding and conducting Value Engineering
and Life Cycle Costing Studies--for design, construction, and facilities operation. Along with
step-by-step instructional chapters, includes seven case studies on major facility types, with
currently applicable data and examples. 450p.
TO ORDER:
R.S.Means Company, Inc., P.O. Box 800, 63 Smiths Lane, Kingston, MA 02364; Toll free: 800-334-3509http://www.rsmeans.com
Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program. 1995 Edition
http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build96/art121.html Fuller, S. K.; Petersen, S. R. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD , 1996)
Guide to understanding the life-cycle cost methodology and criteria established by the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) for the economic evaluation of energy and water conservation projects and renewable energy projects on all federal buildings. 210p.
Life Cycle Costing for Design Professionals
Kirk, Stephen J.; Dell'Isola, Alphonse, J. (McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 1995)
Includes step-by-step methods for selecting the best designs for peak energy efficiency, low materials and construction costs, and cost-effective maintenance. Covers applying economic models for energy conservation; conducting accurate economic risk assessments; doing financial forecasting; specifying materials with long life and low-maintenance costs; and performing economic feasibility analyses.
Report NO: ASIN: 0070348049
Value Engineering. "A Working Tool for Cost Control in the Design of Educational Facilities."
Lawrence, Jerry (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of School Administrators, Atlanta, GA , Feb 13, 1981)
Value Engineering (VE) is a cost optimizing technique used to analyze design quality and cost-effectiveness. The
application of VE procedures to the design and construction of school facilities has been adopted by the state of Washington.
By using VE, the optimum value for every life cycle dollar spent on a facility is obtained by identifying not only initial costs but
also operations, maintenance, and replacement costs. This paper outlines the contents of a manual to be prepared that would
assist school districts to implement VE procedures in specific school facilities projects. 24p.
Initial Costs vs. Operational Costs. A Study of Building Improvement Projects in Fourteen Schools in the School
District of Greenville County, South Carolina.
Chan, Tak Cheung (Office of School Facilities Planning, The School District of Greenville County, Greenville, SC, 1980)
To determine whether initial facility improvement costs were paid back by the reduced operational costs
resulting from the improvement projects, this study examined the relationship between initial costs and operational costs of
fourteen school buildings improved during the 1978-79 school year in Greenville County, South Carolina. With energy
conservation as a goal, windows were replaced, roofs were insulated and HVAC systems were modified or replaced.
Estimated annual dollar savings (from electricity payment records) were divided into the amount spent on improvement to
determine the number of years required for payback. The findings indicated that ten of the fourteen buildings became more
energy efficient and eight were able to pay back the initial improvement costs within their expected life span. A relationship
between initial improvement costs and operational costs of school buildings was supported in that the initial costs of
improvement could be repaid by the resultant reduction in operational costs.
Savvy Spending.
http://asumag.com/Construction/life-cycle-costing-facilities-200910/?cid=200910topstor y1&smte=wl Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v82 n2 , p18-23 ; Oct 2009
Discusses the benefits of life-cycle costing to create value in spending on long-term campus improvements. More expensive, but energy saving systems are gaining popularity as energy prices rise. Also, the use of efficient and long-lasting materials and systems are viewed as contributions to sustainability. Advice on conducting a life- cycle cost determination is included
Life Cycle Cost Analysis.
http://www.peterli.com/spm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1992 Cryder, Jeff; Lally, Maureen School Planning and Management; v47 n11 , p30,32,34,36 ; Nov 2008
Advises on using a life cycle cost analysis when purchasing school HVAC equipment, rather than just accepting the lowest initial cost bid. Sections of the article describe the variables to be considered in a life cycle cost analysis: initial expenses, future expenses, and non-monetary costs and benefits.
The Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing.
Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v11 n11 , p27,28,30 ; Nov 2008
Describes how early commitment to "green" design and construction, as well as careful attention to life-cycle costs yielded a the highly-rated LEED-Platinum Applied Research Development Building at Northern Arizona University.
sustainable facilities vs. Sustainable Facilities
http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/FeatureSustainableFacilitesFolsom.pdf Folson, Kevin Facilities Manager; v24 n3 , p48-51 ; May-Jun 2008
Defines what a truly sustainable facility model should look like. The article provides a compelling reason for advocating planned capital renewal of facilities as the most effective method for addressing the rising sustainable needs of facilities. It also describes the "50-year facility design" model and its 12, 25, and 38th year sub-cycles as a perfect opportunity to earmark facilities for sustainable renewal in a way that is both manageable from a budget perspective and predictable.
Designing with the End in Mind: Maximizing Operational Efficiency.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1598.shtm Dirr, Jerry; Hicks, Ron School Planning and Management; v46 n8 , p31,32,34,36 ; Aug 2007
Details total cost of school building ownership in terms of initial and operating costs, the typical stages of school building design and what cost analyses occur in each, software programs for building management from design through maintenance, and elements of a successful school building maintenance plan.
Lifetime Costs of Real Capital Ownership.
Biehle, James School Planning and Management; v45 n12 , pF9-F13 ; Dec 2006
Advises serious consideration of life cycle costs when planning school construction and renovation, advocating tolerance of higher construction costs when life cycle cost savings justify it. Examples of cost-saving design features and systems are included.
Sustainable Design: Beyond Cost and Performance
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/bom/article.asp?id=4808 Zimmerman, Greg Building Operating Management; Jul 2006
More and more, green criteria factor into product selection. An environmental life-cycle assessment can help facility managers identify what’s important. From green building rating systems, to green certifications, to guides for particular types of buildings, to tools for performing life cycle assessments, there are more tools now than ever to assist facility executives in identifying the criteria and products that meet their green needs.
Lasting Impression.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_lasting_impression/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v78 n6 , p18-20,22,23 ; Feb 2006
Discusses life-cycle costing in the context of renewed public interest in creating durable schools that are efficient to operate and maintain. The continuing difficulty of convincing officials and taxpayers to pay slightly higher construction costs may be mitigated by combined considerations of capital and operating budgets, which are too often assessed separately.
First Cost vs. Life-Cycle Costs.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/1058.shtm Dolan, Thomas School Planning and Management; v45 n1 , p74,75 ; Jan 2006
Urges accommodation of small increases in building costs that can obtain life cycle cost savings of 10-25 percent. Typical ways that school systems are realizing these savings are highlighted.
Investments for Life(Cycle).
http://www.buildings.com/Articles/detailBuildings.asp?articleID=2604 Suttell, Robin Buildings; v99 n7 , p68-70 ; Jul 2005
Suggests ways to help determine a building's total cost of ownership through building condition assessment and life-cycle cost analysis. Points to be considered in each process and publications that can help are listed, along with advice on how to make facilities data more integral to the overall institutional budget.
What's the Cost?
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/945.shtm Wiens, Janet College Planning and Management; v8 n7 , p26,28 ; Jul 2005
Advocates more involvement by design professionals in helping educational clients to understand the importance of system life-cycle cost considerations when building new facilities.
Buildings by the Numbers.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/911.shtm Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v8 n4 , p34,26,28-40 ; Apr 2005
Discusses lifecycle costs considerations for insulation within walls, window films, and roofing.
Spending Paradox.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_spending_paradox/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v77 n7 , p20-22,24-26 ; Mar 2005
Describes the struggle between lowest construction cost and life-cycle cost in the deliberation over new school construction, and the difficulty of convincing voters and school board members to fund quality sustainable design in order to save energy and maintenance costs.
Solutions Center: Facility Inventory
http://asumag.com/mag/university_facility_inventory/ American School and University; Jan 2005
Answers to a question about a tool that will allow one to inventory a facility and project life cycles.
Life Cycle Cost Modeling: Replacement or Supplement?
Harrison, Daniel Facilities Manager; v20 n5 , p70,71 ; Sep-Oct 2004
Contends that life cycle modeling should be considered as an addition to a facility condition analysis, but not a replacement for it. A facilities condition analysis will document short-term needs and help plan for addressing those needs, added to that, a life cycle model will account for future needs, changing uses and expectations for the facilities, and variable costs.
Pumps Life-Cycle Costs: A Closer Look
http://www.facilitiesnet.com/ms/aug04/aug04construction.shtml Westerkamp, Thomas A. Maintenance Solutions; Aug 2004
From specification and commissioning to installation and maintenance, a range of factors can affect a pump’s overall performance and cost.
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Flooring.
School Planning and Management; v43 n7 , pF6 ; Jul 2004
Provides guidance in assessing the life expectancy and costs of ownership for flooring. Consideration of factors such as suitability for the area, years of use, maintenance, and cost of removal at replacement time help determine the best value.
Putting the Right Roof Over Your Head.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/840.shtm Sturgeon, Julie College Planning and Management; v7 n6 , p20,22,24,26 ; Jun 2004
Discusses types of roofing, their configuration, and respective life cycle and energy savings attributes.
Protected Membrane Roofs: A Sustainable Roofing Solution.
Roodvoets, David L. College Planning and Management; v6 n8 , pR2-R6 ; Aug 2003
Examines the benefits of protected membrane roofing (PMR) for school buildings. PMR uses an upside-down approach, where the insulation is placed on top of the waterproofing membrane to improve membrane effectiveness, reduce ultraviolet degradation, and improve insulation efficiency. The article explains what makes PMR sustainable, focusing on life-cycle costing and reducing, recycling, and reusing of materials.
Reducing Life-Cycle Costs.
Roodvoets, David L. College Planning and Management; v6 n8 , pR8, R10 ; Aug 2003
Presents factors to consider when determining roofing life-cycle costs, explaining that costs do not tell the whole story; discussing components that should go into the decision (cost, maintenance, energy use, and environmental costs); and concluding that important elements in reducing life-cycle costs include energy savings through increased insulation, reduced maintenance costs through design and system protection, and reuse or recycling at the end of the system s useful life.
Physical Asset Management: Past, Present and Future.
http://www.appa.org/files/FMArticles/FM070803Physical.pdf Campbell, Jeffery L. Facilities Manager; v19 n4 , p51-54 ; Jul-Aug 2003
Outlines a "total asset management" plan of managing facilities, organizing facilities management around concepts of planning, prevention, life-cycle costing, standardization, proactivity and communication.
Life Cycle Costing. Controlling Total Flooring Costs Means Considering All Angles.
Architecture Magazine; , 4p. ; May 2003
This article covers life cycle comparison and more accurate budgeting through life cycle analysis of flooring materials. Key points include: comparison of the performance characteristics of rubber, vinyl, and carpet; whether low initial cost products deliver long-term value; and variables to consider when making an accurate life cycle cost analysis.
Why You Need Life Cycle Planning
http://www.universitybusiness.com/page.cfm?p=183 Biedenweg, Rick University Business; Mar 2003
The past five years have seen a true paradigm shift in the way higher education plans for capital renewal. An estimated 10 percent now utilize some form of life cycle planning for capital renewal. Life cycle planning is a methodology that allows campuses to easily create multi-year plans for facilities renewal. It is based on two key elements: (a) Building systems have known life expectancies; and (b) the remaining life of each building system can be estimated.
Designing with Maintenance in Mind.
Hoffman, Kisty School Planning and Management; v41 n12 , p34-35 ; Dec 2002
When planning for a new facility, consideration of maintenance needs is crucial to successful design. Designing for maintenance needs involves considering such factors as the durability of materials used, the cost and lifecycle of the materials, and the flexibility of the maintenance staff. Stresses the importance of including key members of the school system's maintenance staff in decision making processes and establishing maintenance standards from the beginning.
Life Cycle Costing of Interior Materials for Florida's Schools.
Moussatche, Helena; Languel, Jennifer Facilities ; v19 n10 , p333 - 343 ; Oct 2001
The tight schedule of developing, designing, and managing educational facilities limits the time and resources needed to correctly assess the full cost of building materials. As a result, the selection of interior finishing materials is commonly driven solely by initial cost. This study evaluates interior floor materials currently available for use in K-12 educational facilities in the State of Florida. The range of materials chosen for the comparison encompasses common flooring materials installed over appropriate sub-floor materials. The flooring alternatives are evaluated using a service life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis based on the 50-year service life specified by the Florida Department of Education. A net present worth (NPW) analysis that includes initial costs, operation and maintenance costs, and replacement costs of each selection is used to evaluate the materials. Interior floorings initial cost, replacement cost, service life, and operations and maintenance costs are compared to the materials resulting. [Authors' abstract]
TO ORDER:
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight
Handling Rapid Growth; Renovate, Repair, or Rebuild?
Scheideman, Dale; Dufresne, Ray American School Board Journal; v188 n10 , p24-26 ; Oct 2001
Nevada's Clark County, the fastest growing school district in the nation, uses a life-cycle facilities management approach that monitors the individual components of each building on a database. The district's 10-year building program is addressing facilities infrastructure renewal, deferred maintenance, replacement, and new school construction.
Life Cycle Costs in Education: Operations & Maintenance Considered.
Moussatche, Helena; Languell-Urquhart, Jennifer; Woodson, Carol Facilities Design and Management; v19 n9 , p20,22 ; Sep 2000
Discusses life cycle cost analysis when deciding on flooring finishes and examines operations and maintenance cost effectiveness relative to hard, resilient, and soft flooring. A chart of evaluated flooring materials' characteristics, appropriate maintenance procedures, and recommended frequency is included.
Invest Now Or Pay Later.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_invest_pay_later/ Biehle, James T. American School and University; v72 n8 , p46-47 ; Apr 2000
Discusses how architects and school districts can learn from the past to avoid repeating costly mistakes. Addressed are architectural fees and the importance of not severely reducing time and cost spent in design to help ensure better facility performance later. Life-cycle costs are described.
Innovation & Risk Management Result in Energy and Life-Cycle Savings
Anstrand, David E.; Singh, J. B. HPAC Engineering; v71 n8 , p52-54,56,58-59 ; Aug 1999
Examines a Pennsylvania school's successful planning, design, and bidding process for acquiring a geothermal heat pump(GHP)system whose subsequent efficiency became award-winning for environmental excellence. Charts and statistical tables describe the GHP's energy-savings. Concluding comments review the lessons learned from the process.
Lesson Learned in School Design and Construction.
Rabenaldt, Carl; Velz, Emily School Planning and Management; v38 n5 , p39-44 ; May 1999
Presents the lessons learned when facility use and abuse and proper planning are not adequately done in the school design and construction process. Eleven steps for building durability into schools to decrease the effects of prolonged use and stretch a school's life expectancy are outlined.
Life-cycle Costing: Add it to Your HVAC Vocabulary, OK?
http://web.archive.org/web/20060210150421/ Smithart, Eugene L. Engineered Systems; Jan 1998
This discusses committing the time, manpower, and money to help the HVAC industry learn to speak the financial language, to move more applications to life-cycle cost evaluations, and to make decisions that are both business- and earth-wise.
The Facilities Management Imperative: Fix it Now or Pay More Later.
Ray, Joe; McMahon, James Wisconsin School News ; Jun 1997
The author discusses using life-cycle costs to evaluate facilities management decisions with James McMahon, deputy director for Wisconsin’s Bureau of Engineering and Energy Management.
Purchasing Practices: Two Education Allies Warn of the Pitfalls of Low-Bid Buying.
Holt, Tim; Kirby, James R. School Planning and Management; v36 n1 , p28-30 ; Jan 1997
In buying school supplies and roofing, school districts need to realize that low bid too often equates to low quality, high maintenance, poor performance, and short life. The key is to write bid specifications that look at the life-cycle cost, not just the initial cost.
Facility Accounting: Hammering Out a Capital Replacement Budget
Readinger, Jay School Business Affairs; v62 n7 , p48-51 ; Jul 1996
Most facility and finance managers cannot adequately handle school
infrastructure issues because they lack the tools to describe the problem appropriately. Facility
accounting gives managers accurate deferral and projected replacement costs, using nationally
recognized life-cycle and cost data. Facility accounting enables proper management of
physical assets, ensuring that they contribute to an institution's overall competitiveness.
Apples to Apples.
Wright, Dorothy School Planning and Management; v35 n7 , p19-21 ; Jul 1996
The Tacoma (Washington) School District has been using life-cycle costing successfully for several years to
compare energy efficiency of climate-control systems for new schools. The analysis includes initial cost, energy cost, operational
cost, and maintenance cost. Life-cycle costing was used to determine which of two roofing systems to use on a new building.
Life Cycle Costing.
McCraley, Thomas L. School Business Affairs; v51 n10 , p66 ; Oct 1985
Life cycle costing establishes a realistic comparison of the cost of owning and operating products. The formula
of initial cost plus maintenance plus operation divided by useful life identifies the best price over the lifetime of the product purchased.
Planning for Cost Effectiveness
Schlaebitz, William D. CEFP Journal; v22 n3 ; May-Jun 1984
A heat pump life-cycle cost analysis is used to explain the technique. Items suggested for the life-cycle analysis
approach include lighting, longer-life batteries, site maintenance, and retaining experts to inspect specific building components.
Before the Roof Caves In: A Predictive Model for Physical Plant Renewal
Biedenweg, Frederick; Hutson, Robert CEFP Journal; v22 n1 ; Jan-Feb 1984
Presents a quantitative method developed at Stanford University that allows administrators to accurately assess
the future capital requirements necessary for renewal and replacement of campus buildings.
Funding of Facility Repairs and Renovation
Kaiser, Harvey H. CEFP Journal; v22 n1 , p9-11 ; Jan-Feb 1984
Compares the life cycle approach for campus building repair and renovation to the University of California's
comprehensive building maintenance formula and advises that formulas be used cautiously as a method of determining
appropriate budget levels.
Washington Schools Learn From Value Engineering
Doleae, Michael; Childs, Harvey CEFP Journal; v21 n3 ; May-Jun 1983
Results of two value engineering studies have shown that a review early in the design process can help save
costs in school construction, maintenance, operation, and replacement. The value engineering concepts and technical manual are being presented throughout the state of Washington.
Life Cycle Costing.
Gardner, John C. American School and University; v49 n12 , p8,10 ; Aug 1977
Examples show that operation and maintenance costs often mean that the cheaper model costs more per hour of
use than a more expensive, but longer lasting, model.
Cost Analysis Helps Recycle Four Schools.
American School and University; v49 n9 , p42-43 ; Jul 1977
Life-cycle costing helped design a modernization program at four elementary schools in Fairfax County, Virginia.
The Process of Life Cycle Cost Analysis: Projecting Economic Consequences of Design Decisions
AIA Journal; v65 n11, 72-73 , p72-73 ; Nov 1976
Life-cycle cost analysis deals with both present and future costs and attempts to relate the two as a basis for
making decisions. This article lays the groundwork for a better understanding of the techniques of life-cycle cost analysis.
Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES)
http://www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html BEES is a free, federally sponsored software package that measures the environmental and economic performance of building products by using the environmental life-cycle assessment approach specified in ISO 14000. BEES was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Green Colleges and Universities http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/high_performanceHE.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on high performance, sustainable, green college and university facilities, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, including sustainability and green design issues, cost and funding concerns, and educational and community benefits.
Green Schools http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/high_performance.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on high performance green school facilities, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, including sustainability and green design issues, cost and funding concerns, and educational and community benefits.
School Construction Costs
http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/construction_costs.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) Information on school building costs including costs per square foot and per student, new construction and renovation cost comparisons, and cost estimating, compiled by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities.
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National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities at the National Institute of Building Sciences 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20005 · Toll free: 888-552-0624 · 202-289-7800 · www.ncef.org Funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education |
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