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PERFORMANCE CONTRACTING FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS
NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles describing a system of state and utility company incentives for financing energy efficiency improvements in school buildings. 
Handbook of Financing Energy Projects
Thumann, Albert (Fairmont Press, 2006)
As the trend for obtaining funds for energy projects moves away from utility rebate programs toward other types of financing alternatives, there is a growing need for guidance as to what options are now available, how to assess project payback in advance, how to anticipate and avoid potential risks and/or hidden costs, and how to assure that the project is an economic success. Providing this guidance, this book details innovative methods for financing energy projects. It covers energy service performance contracting, rate of return analysis, and measurement and verification of energy savings. It provides tips to help readers work with lenders and case histories detailing financing success stories.
432p.
ISBN: 0824721594 
Financing Options for Schools [Oregon]
http://oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/SB1149/Schools/financing.shtml (Oregon Department of Energy , 2005)
Oregon school districts constructing energy efficient facilities and/or making energy improvements to existing buildings have several financing options available through the Oregon Department of Energy. This describes the Energy Loan Program, SB1149 Public Purpose Funds, Performance Contracting, and the Business Energy Tax Credit Program.
Performance Contracting: Financing Better Schools Through Energy Cost Savings.
http://asbointl.org/ASBO/files/ (U.S. Dept. of Energy , 2004)
Describes how performance contract management can provide added funds for K-12 school improvement projects, with sections on how performance contracting works, case studies, and recommended sources. Under performance contracts, energy service companies (ESCOs) contract with school districts to pay for improvements from savings in energy innovations. If guaranteed savings don't materialize for the customer to the extent projected, the ESCO pays the difference. Depending on negotiations, performance contracts allow for either the customer or the contractor to keep any "excess" savings during the contract term. After the end of the contract term, the customer keeps all savings. 6p.
Financing Retro-Commissioning Services Utilizing Performance Contracts.
http://resources.cacx.org/library/holdings/199.pdf Herbst, Ronald (California Commissioning Collaborative, Sacramento , May 2003)
Presents a delivery mechanism utilizing the performance contracting process to secure financing for a retro-commissioning (RCx) service. The approach utilizes building level benchmarking to target RCx activities and estimate savings. The implementation of RCx utilizes a program approach, targeting work with highest benefit relative to energy savings. The implementation combines site analysis and corrective actions into compressed and concurrent activities. Results are presented for four K-12 schools, where the financing was secured through performance contracting. 28p.
Energy-Efficient Schools Policies and Opportunities
http://www.ncsl.org/print/energy/eeschoolpolicy.pdf Rewey, Christie; Brown, Matthew (National Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, CO , Apr 2003)
Presents a range of options for increasing energy efficiency in schools, gathered from a survey of 227 school business officials. These options include stronger consideration of long-term building cost over initial cost, energy-efficiency requirements for retrofits of older schools, energy managers in school districts, special billing categories for schools, mandatory energy codes or design guidelines, stronger building energy codes, state energy incentive programs, and performance contracting. The most vital elements of successful state incentive programs are also detailed, and the complete survey document is included. 49p.
Energy Management Handbook. Fourth Edition.
Turner, Wayne C. (Marcel Dekker, 2002)
This is a comprehensive handbook covering every component of effective energy management, including boiler and steam system optimization, lighting and electrical systems, HVAC system performance, waste heat recovery, cogeneration, thermal energy storage, energy management control systems, energy systems maintenance, building envelope, industrial insulation, indoor air quality, energy economic analysis, energy procurement decision making, energy security and reliability, and overall energy management program organization. The new fourth edition adds new chapters covering all aspects of utility deregulation and energy project financing. An important new section addresses the pluses and minuses of in-house vs. outsourcing of energy services. Detailed illustrations, tables, graphs and many other helpful working aids are provided throughout.
761p.
ISBN-0824709128
Hastings School District Improves Learning Environment Through $2.1 Million Performance Contract.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060301002551/ (Johnson Controls, Inc., 2000)
Case study from the Hastings Public School District, Hastings, Nebraska.
Performance Contracting: A Promising Means to Finance Solar
Schools.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060304111609 (Solar Electric Power Association, Washington, DC, 1999)
Paying for the addition of a solar energy system on a new or existing school is a
challenge. When considered in isolation, the full, up-front costs of a photovoltaic system and
even a solar thermal system are more than many school districts feel they can afford. This discusses performance contracting as a means to fund expanded use of solar in schools.
Reducing Operating Costs and Improving the Student Learning Environment. Energy Efficient Capital Upgrades in K-12 Schools
Lefevre, Jessica S., Ed. (National Association of Energy Service Companies, Washington, DC , 1999)
A paper provides case studies of energy efficiency retrofits already in place at K-12 schools nationwide that demonstrate the capital upgrades and cost savings available to schools through performance-based energy efficiency contracting with an Energy Service Company. An introductory section contains information on the mounting costs of deferred maintenance and repairs in the nation's schools and on the critical link between the quality of education and the quality of the learning environment. 62p.
TO ORDER:
NAESCO; 1615 M St., NW, Suite 800; Washington, DC 20036; Tel: 202-822-0954http://www.naesco.org/bookstore/default.aspx
Guide to Energy Performance Contracting.
http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/energy/publications/epc.pdf (State of Hawaii, Energy, Resources, and Technology Division, Honolulu,HI , Jul 1998)
Describes the process for energy performance contracting,including getting started, requesting proposals, selecting a contractor, preparing a contract, measuring energy savings, and monitoring and managing a performance contract. Includes worksheets, sample contract, references. 243p.
Guide to Energy Performance Contracting.
http://web.archive.org/web/20060928065751 (The South Carolina Energy Office, Jun 1998)
Energy Performance Contracting is a financing method which allows an institution
to improve its buildings using the money saved through reduced utility
expenditures to pay for more efficient equipment, controls, and maintenance.
This guide was
developed so school districts and governments may better understand the
methodology, as well as the potential costs and benefits. The guide includes common features of Energy Performance Contracting; describes a simple, preliminary feasibility evaluation, and advice on
getting a project started; describes in detail the Energy Service Company (ESCO) selection
process; provides a description of the actual performance contract; addresses in detail the measuring of energy savings and gives advice on
project monitoring and management to insure a successful project.
131p.
Financing Energy Efficiency in Buildings.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/ Zelinski, Richard W.; Gatlin, Douglas R. (U.S. Dept. of Energy, Rebuild America, Washington, D.C. , 1998)
This document, written for
organizations considering investments in energy-efficient projects, provides
descriptions, definitions, and advice for implementing successful financial strategies. It
describes the energy-efficiency financing options available, including energy savings
performance contracts and state and utility incentives for financing energy-efficiency
improvements. 75p.
ERIC NO: ED425626;
Energy Savings Performance Contract Case Studies.
http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery Lefevre, Jessica S. (U.S. Dept. of Energy Washington, D.C. , 1997)
Building owners and managers can use performance-contracting Energy Service
Companies (ESCOs) to partially or fully fund building renovations that include energy
efficiency upgrades. This report provides building owners and managers with an
introduction to the energy efficiency and building upgrade services provided by ESCOs.
It uses 20 case studies to describe the types of services that ESCO provides, how
ESCO performance contracts work, and reasons that building owners and managers
choose to use ESCOs to acquire increased energy efficiency and building upgrades.
52p.
ERIC NO: ED427504 ;
How Performance Contracting Helps Finance Energy Projects.
http://www.buildings.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentID=5836 Hansen, Shirley Buildings; v102 n4 , p72,74 ; Apr 2008
Reviews typical features and services available in performance contracts for energy savings, along with their advantages, benefits, and advice on selecting and working with an energy service company.
Performance Contracting: Successes and Lessons Learned.
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-175069281.html Johnson, Dawn School Planning and Management; v47 n1 , p14 ; Jan 2008
Case study of the Williamson County School District south of Nashville, Tennessee, that chose an alternative funding approach to address capital needs. Step-by-step discussion of how to evaluate whether or not performance contracting is right for districts, and how to get started.
Spruce Up Your Facilities for Summer.Lally, Maureen Educational Facility Planner; v42 n4 , p40-42 ; 2008
Discusses affordable school facility upgrades that are ideally done when schools have lower occupancy. Also discussed are the advantages of an energy performance contract.
Controlling Rising Energy Costs.
http://www.peterli.com/cpm/resources/articles/archive.php?article_id=1674 Kollie, Ellen College Planning and Management; v10 n12 , p30,32,33-35 ; Dec 2007
Describes two colleges' experiences with energy audits, the energy performance contract that followed them, changes made to facilities, how the audits were funded, and how payback was realized. An additional case study from Eastern Mennonite University is included in the print version.
An Energy Performance Contracting Success Story.
College Planning and Management; v10 n6 , p80-82 ; Jun 2007
Reviews the features and savings of a performance contract executed between the University of Colorado and an energy service company. $5.5 million of upgrades has yielded annual savings in excess of $600,000. Warranties and student education connected to the contract are also covered.
Anatomy of a Performance Contract: Saves College Big Energy Bucks.
http://www.facilitymanagement.com/articles/hvac1-0607.html Blagus, Ron American School and Hospital Facility; v30 n3 , p10,12,13 ; May 2007
Details the performance contract at Eastern Illinois University to illustrate how these agreements save energy and water through HVAC, lighting, and plumbing improvements.
Improving Comfort, Enhancing Learning.
http://www.asbj.com/2006/12/1206ASBJyocum.pdf Yocum, Forest American School Board Journal; v193 n12 , p57,58 ; Dec 2006
Describes how the Southwest Licking (Ohio) School District entered into a performance contract that upgraded their buildings' envelopes, HVAC systems, and lighting. Funds saved on energy expenses were invested in solar energy and energy awareness programs.
"No Cost" School Renovation.
http://www.asbj.com/2006/05/0506asbjzorn.pdf Zorn, Robert American School Board Journal; v193 n5 , p38,39 ; May 2006
Describes how an Ohio School district paid for $5.5 million in renovations through energy savings accomplished in an energy performance contract.
Capital Need: Innovative Financing for New Green School Projects.
Langer, Kenneth Educational Facility Planner; v 40 n 3/4 , p9-13 ; 2006
Describes how projected energy savings associated with new "green" schools can be guaranteed by an energy service company. The guarantee can be used to trigger commercial financing to cover the incremental capital costs associated with the design and construction of the school project. Also presented are various grant mecahnisms that can be used to buy down the incremental capital cost of new "green" school projects. Includes two references.
Guaranteed Savings.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_guaranteed_savings/ Daniel, Wesley American School and University; v77 n4 , p32-34 ; Dec 2005
Discusses performance contracting that pays for capital improvements with savings realized when the improvements lower energy consumption. A performance guarantee from the contractor ensures that if the expected savings are not achieved, the contractor compensates for the difference. The approaches to performance contracting described are: request for qualifications (RFQ), request for proposal (RFP), and negotiation. Procedures for determining energy savings expectations and monitoring the project are detailed.
Innovative Finance.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/spm/941.shtm Moore, Deb School Planning and Management; v44 n7 , p8 ; Jul 2005
Summarizes the use of educational buying cooperatives, energy performance contracting, public-private partnerships, and non-profit foundations in the search for additional funds for school construction and operation.
Making Tight Facility Budgets Perform.
Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v8 n3 , p38,40,41 ; Mar 2005
Describes a performance contract-funded renovation at Eastern Illinois University that saved 30% in energy costs.
Making the Most of It.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_making/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v77 n5 , p51-53 ; Jan 2005
This discusses 10 ways that administrators can try to accomplish more with the resources they have: facility assessment, computerized maintenance management systems, commissioning, performance contracting, life-cycle costs, outsourcing, online procurement, alternative fuels, cool roofs, and sharing space.
Saving Millions without Spending a Dime.
Raman, Elizabeth Business Officer; v36 n10 , p42-49 ; Apr 2003
Describes how the University of Hawaii at Hilo is using the $2.7 million it saved on utility bills during the past 5 years to repay campus energy improvements financed, installed, and maintained by an energy services company; the method is called energy savings performance contracting.
Battling Utility Costs.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/401.shtm Fickes, Michael College Planning and Management; v5 n10 , p20-22 ; Oct 2002
Presents an interview with the utilities manager of Eastern Illinois University outlining key components of the school's energy-saving strategy, including its performance contracting.
Sign Up for Savings.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_sign_savings/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v75 n2 , p40-44 ; Oct 2002
Discusses performance service contracts between educational facilities and energy services companies, in which the company provides the money for energy-efficiency improvements and the school pays the company an annual fee. The company guarantees the savings will meet or exceed the fee.
Green Pays Its Way--Performance-Based Fees.
http://egov.oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/school/docs/clackamas.pdf Burns, Cameron M.; Eubank, Huston Solar Today; v16 n4 , p36-39 ; Jul-Aug 2002
Reports that giving building and design professionals a financial incentive to create high-efficiency schools has proven to be a winning strategy for both the firms that design and build schools and the students who learn in them. Uses the North Clackamas High School project in Oregon as a case study. The benefits of performance contracting are described.
A New Curriculum: Energy Outsourcing Brings Cost and Energy Benefits.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/367.shtm Dickerman, Robert N. College Planning and Management; v5 n1 , p76-78 ; Jan 2002
Considers the value of colleges and universities upgrading their energy infrastructure and using outsourcing energy management functions to save money and gain greater control of energy operations without substantial investments in staff and resources.
Performance Contracting for School Districts.
http://www.eraenergy.com/pdfs/HPAC%202002-01%20-%20Performance%20Contracting%20for%20School%20Districts.pdf Waltz, James P. HPAC Engineering; , p73-76 ; Jan 2002
This provides an understanding of measurement and verification and the roles of the various participants.
Feeling the Squeeze.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_energy_feeling_squeeze/ Kennedy, Mike American School and University; v73 n10 , p24,26-27 ; Jun 2001
Discusses how school facilities managers are using performance contracting to help them reduce energy waste and save money. Highlights recommendations for using performance contracts and examines strategies for improving energy efficiency in schools.
Energy Supplement. Supplement to School Planning and Management.
Schoff, Larry School Planning and Management; v40 n3 , p42-44,46-48 ; Mar 2001
Presents the following articles on energy efficiency and American public schools: "High Performance Schools Reduce Costs and Improve Student and Staff Environment" (Larry Schoff); "ASHRAE s Standard 90.1: Educating the Engineer" (Mack and Melanie Wallace;" and "Performance Contracting: Meeting the Challenge of Deferred Maintenance in America s K-12 Schools."
Schools Turn to Performance Contracting for Help.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_3_18/ai_72116180/pg_1 Turpin, Joanna R. Engineered Systems; , 5p. ; Mar 2001
This describes the benefits of taking the time to research an entity and procure a performance contract: Energy and operational dollars can be taken and used to make much-needed capital improvements in buildings. The key is for the right school and the right provider to find each other and enter into a mutually beneficial agreement.
Performance Contracting: Meeting the Challenge of Deferred Maintenance.
http://www.appa.org/FacilitiesManager/ Singer, Terry E.; Johnson, Mary E. Facilities Manager; v17 n1 , p27-29 ; Jan-Feb 2001
Discusses the magnitude of the problem of deferred maintenance on today's university campuses and the solving this problem using performance-based energy efficiency retrofit as implemented by energy service companies (ESCO). Several case studies of ESCO designed retrofits are examined.
Meeting the Challenge: Providing High-Quality School Environments Through Energy Performance Contracting
Birr, David School Business Affairs; v66 n12 , p34-36 ; Dec 2000
Energy performance contracting allows schools to pay for needed
new energy equipment and modernization improvements with savings from
reduced utility and maintenance costs. Improved energy efficiency reduces
demand for burning fossil fuels, which reduces air pollution, leading to improved
learning environments and budgets (through improved average daily attendance).
How To Avoid an ESCO Fiasco.
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/81.shtm Wright, Dorothy College Planning and Management; v3 n11 , p48-51 ; Nov 2000
Discusses Ohio University's use of a performance contracting consultant to assist them in hiring an energy services company that could implement an energy conservation project. Why the use of consultants can prove beneficial is highlighted.
ESCOs: Helping Schools Save Money and Energy.
School Planning and Management; v39 n6 , suppl 2 p1-6 ; Jun 2000
Discusses the use of energy savings performance contracts to help reduce costs and improve school infrastructure and the educational environment. Further discussed are how indoor air quality reduces health, productivity, and costs; and examples are provided of how other schools have achieved better school environments and reduced energy costs.
Original Thinking.
http://asumag.com/mag/university_original_thinking/ Agron, Joe American School and University; v72 n4 , p30-31 ; Dec 1999
Discusses a non-traditional approach to school planning and redesign that provided one school district's middle school with the best learning environment for its students and community. The use of performance contracting and privatization of school services are addressed, including the benefits of the positive student response to their new school.
School Solutions. Special Report: IAQ and Energy
Birr, Dave Energy Decisions; , p32-36 ; Nov 1999
Discusses how energy service companies (ESCO) can help schools upgrade their indoor air quality and make them environmentally sound. How ESCO's help in arranging funding for indoor environmental improvements through energy performance contracts is discussed. Tips on energy-efficiency measures for improving indoor environmental quality are highlighted.
Quebec Energy Performance Contracts for the School System: New Rules of the Game.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/16/34329156.pdf Drouin, Jean PEB Exchange; n38 , p18-20 ; Oct 1999
Examines the new rules covering energy performance contracts for Quebec school boards and their responsibilities relative to their educational buildings and energy performance. Regulations with regard to the awarding of contracts in the public and quasi-public sectors are also discussed.
Upgrade Your Facilities Without a Bond Issue.
Mahoney, John; Thompson, Laura School Planning and Management; v37 n2 , p56-60 ; Feb 1998
Discusses eliminating bond issues for facility energy management upgrades by using performance contracting. Explains that performance contracts create savings that help support financing new equipment over a specific number of years. Financing options, performance contracting tips, and an example of its use in St. Louis (Missouri) are highlighted.
Energy Management
Bete, Tim, Ed. School Planning & Management; v37 n1 , p13-14 ; Jan 1998
Presents the opinions of three energy experts on the issue of school facility energy management. The experts respond to the following questions: will energy deregulation occur in all 50 states and will it provide real savings; and will the majority of districts hire ESCOs to manage their energy needs?
Performance Contracting Trends in Washington Schools.
http://web.archive.org/web/20041108055554/ Page, Greg SchoolPlace Newsletter; v2 n2 ; 1998
The State of Washington is making it
easier than ever for school districts to
participate in performance contracting. With a performance
contract a private energy services
company (ESCo) assumes the risk for
the environmental performance of a
facility. As a single point of
accountability, the firm assumes
responsibility for investigating the
existing conditions, completing all
necessary designs, completing the
construction, and guaranteeing the
results.
Smart Money
Foster, Trevor American School & University; v69 n10 , p48,50,52 ; Jun 1997
Explores the use of performance contracting as a means to fund building improvements and equipment upgrades. Information is provided on contractor selection, paying for capital improvements, and researching performance contracting before using it. Ten tips for efficient building operations are highlighted.
Money in the Bank
Southers, Tracy L. American School & University; v68 n11 , p16, 18-19 ; Jul 1996
Describes how school districts can use performance contracting to help save energy dollars without sacrificing efficiency or comfort. In performance contracting, building improvements and upgrades are installed without using funds from the current budget. Money saved in future energy bills is then used to pay for the project.
Two Views on Performance Contracting
Lurie, Sylvia; Smith, Kenneth School Business Affairs; v62 n5 , p47-51 ; May 1996
North Chicago, Illinois, District 187, received a districtwide overhaul of
lighting, heating, ventilation, and security systems through a 10-year performance contract
with the Honeywell Corporation. The Briarcliff Manor Union-Free School District, New
York, has a contract with Johnson Controls that guarantees a portion of the energy savings
generated through a project.
Guarantees For Growth
Ward, Mark, Sr. Learning By Design; n5 , p82-85 ; Mar 1996
Explains the use of "performance contracting" to pay for newly installed equipment designed to improve school energy and operating efficiency. Examples of maintenance cost savings are highlighted.
Financing Capital
Projects Through Energy
Management
Zuber, Edward Educational Facility Planner; v32 n1 ; Jan-Feb 1994
Performance contracting, a flexible energy savings program, has varied definitions
and applications. But, at its core, a school district is guaranteed a specific
amount of savings by its local energy savings company (ESCO). The author lists the age of U.S. school facilities, the
escalating results of deferred maintenance decisions, and rising energy costs due
to inefficient energy equipment and practices, as problems facing many
resource-poor school districts. He sees performance contracting as an effective
method of addressing energy costs as school funding dwindles.
Opportunities for Architects and Engineers in Energy Performance Contracting at
Schools and Colleges
Wolcott, David R. CEFP Journal; v24 n3 , p4-5 ; May-Jun 1986
Energy performance contractors provide services and equipment for
administrators with innovative financing that requires no upfront costs to the clients. The range
of tasks that facility managers must do to negotiate such contracts is, however, extensive.
Energy Performance Contracting
http://www.energyservicescoalition.org/ Provides information on how to use future energy savings to pay for building upgrades and energy efficiency improvements in the present. Information located on the website of the Energy Services Coalition, a national nonprofit organization comprising a network of representatives from a wide range of organizations working together at the state and local level to increase energy efficiency and building upgrades through energy savings performance contracting. Organizations include state energy offices, energy service companies, finance companies, building owners, and others.
National Association of Energy Service Companies
http://www.naesco.org/ NAESCO represents the energy industry in state legislatures and before state regulatory bodies, on capitol hill and at federal agencies, and in the international marketplace. It
sponsors an accreditation program for ESCOs. As an advocacte for the industry, it fosters working partnerships with generation and distribution companies and promotes the benefits of energy efficiency, including distributed resources, in a changing market. Site includes an information center, conference information, finding a provider, international opportunities, and member companies.
Funding Partnerships for School Construction http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/funding_partnerships.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on financing school construction and renovation through partnerships between schools and the private sector, community organizations, public agencies, and school districts.
School Energy Savings
http://www.edfacilities.org/rl/energy.cfm (National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, Washington, DC) NCEF's resource list of links, books, and journal articles on heating, cooling, lighting, and maintaining school and campus facilities that results in energy efficiencies.
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National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities at the National Institute of Building Sciences 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700, Washington, D.C. 20005 · Toll free: 888-552-0624 · 202-289-7800 · www.ncef.org Funded by a grant from the U.S. Department of Education |
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